Others¶
Bitbucket¶
Org bitbucket
label : Bitbucket
Source bitbucket
label : Bitbucket
url : https://bitbucket.org/product/ (
local)orgs : bitbucket
sources : bitbucket
Text
Title : Bitbucket | Git solution for teams using Jira
Excerpt : Bitbucket Cloud is a Git-based code and CI/CD tool optimized for teams using Jira.
Code and CI/CD, powered by the Atlassian platform.
Elevate your software delivery from planning to production and beyond, with built-in AI, CI/CD, and a best-in-class Jira
integration.
Simplify your toolchain.
Put your code & CI/CD on one platform with capabilities spanning the entire software development lifecycle.
Accelerate velocity.
Eliminate tedious tasks with AI and automation. Reduce distractions and context switching by centralizing developer
workflows on one platform.
Boost collaboration.
Easily share updates about code and CI/CD across software, ITOps, and business teams via Jira, Confluence, and the
Atlassian platform.
See code & CI/CD workflows on the Atlassian platform in action.
Migrating to the cloud?
Learn more about migration incentives & resources available as you plan your migration to Bitbucket Cloud.
Security and compliance, at scale.
Org-wide quality control for your code.
Enforce internal code quality policies and compliance requirements with standard or custom merge checks that are unique
to your organization.
Build security into your entire workflow.
Continuously monitor and fix security vulnerabilities during development, code review or as part of your CI/CD pipeline
with native security capabilities or partners like Snyk, Synopsys, Sonar and others.
Platform-level CI/CD orchestration.
Centralize and enforce CI/CD workflows at a platform level to ensure teams adhere to compliance policies and best
practices.
Granular access and usage permissions.
Control permissions at the workspace, project, or repo level or define specific branch level or environment level
permissions.
AI that goes beyond code generation.
Atlassian infuses AI throughout the entire software lifecycle to improve developer experience and increase velocity.
AI-generated PR descriptions.
Automatically generate pull request summaries based on code changes and commit messages.
Generative AI editing.
Help developers write comments and PR summaries to enhance writing clarity.
Atlassian Rovo.
Find information across SaaS apps, learn and absorb project context faster, and accelerate productivity both within code
and beyond it.
AI integrations.
Use your preferred AI tool to get code suggestions with context from your Bitbucket repositories or have AI take a first
pass at code review.
15 million developers build on Bitbucket.
Integrate Bitbucket with the tools you use.
Connect Bitbucket to market-leading partner tools across AI code generation, security, testing, monitoring, and more.
Build custom integrations to meet the exact needs of your organization.
Learn more.
Migrate to Bitbucket cloud.
Our free app moves your code and users from Bitbucket Server or Data Center to Cloud.
Need a developer portal?
Make complex software easier to navigate. Understand repo ownership, map dependencies, and find info faster.
We’re a DevOps Platform Leader.
Atlassian has been named a Leader in the 2024 Gartner® Magic Quadrant ™ for DevOps Platforms.
New features on the horizon.
Learn more about what we’ve recently shipped and what we’re building next for your team.
Take Bitbucket Cloud for a spin.
Simple plans hosted in the cloud. Priced to scale.
Free.
Standard.
Premium.
101+ users? We offer discounts for large teams! [Calculate your
price](http://www.atlassian.com/software/bitbucket/pricing)
Analyse
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Ident bitbucket
label : Bitbucket
orgs : bitbucket
sources : bitbucket
Event github_vs_bitbucket
label : Github vsnBitbucket
source :
cats : media
from : github
from-label : Comparison
url : https://www.upguard.com/blog/bitbucket-vs-github (
local)
Source github_vs_bitbucket
label : Github vsnBitbucket
url : https://www.upguard.com/blog/bitbucket-vs-github (
local)
Text
Title : Bitbucket vs GitHub (Updated for 2025) | UpGuard
Excerpt : Bitbucket and Github are two of the largest web-based hosting services for source code and development projects.
If you boil it down to the most basic difference between GitHub and Bitbucket, it is that GitHub is focused around
public code and Bitbucket is for private. GitHub has a huge open-source community and Bitbucket tends to have mostly
enterprise and business users.
Bitbucket vs Github: Two of the largest source code management services for development projects, offering a variety of
deployment models from fully cloud-based to on-premise. Historically, they have taken different approaches to private
vs. public repositories that affected the ease of collaboration and the risk of [data
exposure](https://www.upguard.com/blog/what-are-cloud-leaks).
A Github account is the calling card of the software developer. Just as any writer would be asked to show their blog,
every developer is expected to produce examples of their code on GitHub. But that does not necessarily make GitHub the
best choice for software development teams. GitHub thrives on making code easy to share, and in that regard is
indispensable for the open-source backbone of the internet as we know it. At the same time, that means organizations
must take greater care to manage their users and [access control](https://www.upguard.com/blog/access-control) settings
to ensure they are not compromising their [cyber resilience](https://www.upguard.com/about/resilience). The pricing
models of the two products likewise reflects their differing approaches to how to best manage version control.
Bitbucket supports Git, but the situation has changed when it comes to other repository types. Bitbucket’s advantage
over GitHub used to be that both Git and Mercurial repository hosting were available with Bitbucket. There was never
support for SVN, however, Bitbucket’s modernisation has come at the expense of support for Mercurial. Bitbucket is
written in Python and uses the Django web framework.
Bitbucket was launched in 2008, in Australia, and was originally an independent startup offering hosting only for
Mercurial projects. It was acquired in 2010 by fellow Australian company Atlassian, and about a year later added support
for Git repos.
Many users who are worried about keeping code private have migrated over to Bitbucket from GitHub following Microsoft’s
recent acquisition of the platform for $7.5bn.
Note: Mercurial support will be removed from Bitbucket on June 1, 2020. Read more about [Atlassian's decision to focus
on Git](https://bitbucket.org/blog/sunsetting-mercurial-support-in-
bitbucket#targetText=After%20much%20consideration%2C%20we've,get%20migration%20resources%20and%20support.).
Bitbucket integrates very well with JIRA, originally built as a bug tracker, but is so flexible now it can be used for:
bug tracking, issue tracking, service desks and project management. This is no surprise given that JIRA is also an
Atlassian product. Other features are:
The pricing structure differs from Git’s in that Bitbucket charges per user whereas Git charges per repository.
Bitbucket allows unlimited public repos for all, but also an unlimited number of private repositories for free for up to
5 users. Beyond that, [pricing is tiered as per the table](https://bitbucket.org/product/pricing?tab=self-managed)
below:
The Bitbucket Data Center Edition goes up to 30,000 users for $792,000 per year. If you are interested in extensive
pricing, [click here](https://bitbucket.org/product/pricing?tab=self-managed).
As the name of the plan implies, the server plan is hosted on a company’s own server and requires a one-time payment.
First of all, GitHub only hosts projects that use the Git version control system (VCS). That’s it. Nothing else. But Git
is far and away the most commonly used VCS, so GitHub is still the largest code host of them all, with now over 100
million repositories of code.
GitHub.com was originally started in 2008, with the platform written in both Ruby and Erlang. GitHub is designed to
encourage close communication and collaboration within development teams. To this end it includes features like
highlighted code comments and collaborative code review. Other notable [features](https://github.com/features) are
listed below.
[GitHub pricing](https://github.com/pricing) is free for public repos and as of January 2019, like Bitbucket, offers
free unlimited private repositories. For private repositories, GitHub allows unlimited numbers of collaborators grouped
into the following paid plans. The Team plans allow a central administrator who manages teams and can set varying levels
of permissions. There is also [GitHub Enterprise, a version tailored for large
organizations](https://enterprise.github.com/) which offers cloud-based and on-premise deployment options.
As an aside, in early 2014 GitHub was the setting of an ugly case of employee harassment. A female software engineer
called Julie Ann Horvath came forward with revelations of a discriminatory and generally female-unfriendly environment
at GitHub. She also reported being harassed and intimidated by an at-first unnamed wife of a GitHub founder, made worse
by the tacit approval and support of the wife’s bullying antics by the founder himself. These individuals were later
revealed to be GitHub founder Tom Preston-Werner and his wife Theresa. The negative publicity that ensued resulted in
Preston-Werner first being suspended then resigning from his role in GitHub’s management team, and his wife no longer
allowed into the company’s offices. CEO Chris Wanstrath offered a public apology to Horvath for what she went through at
the company; GitHub also launched an investigation which rejected Horvath’s accusations of “gender-based discrimination,
harassment, retaliation, or abuse.” This history bears mentioning in part because [hostile workplaces not only drive
away talent, they increase](https://www.upguard.com/blog/why-ceo-approval-matters-for-security-ratings) [cybersecurity
risk](https://www.upguard.com/blog/cybersecurity-risk)– risk for lost time, legal penalties, reputational damage, and
data exposure. Read more about the whole sordid saga [here](https://github.blog/2014-04-21-results-of-the-github-
investigation/), [here](https://techcrunch.com/2014/03/15/julie-ann-horvath-describes-sexism-and-intimidation-behind-
her-github-exit/) and [here](https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2014/03/github-puts-founder-on-leave-kicks-
wife-out-of-office-after-harassment-claim/).
The widespread use of GitHub by small developers for hosting their code has resulted in a well-tested platform that has
one of the best user experience in the open-source community. Bitbucket, which did not start out with such a heavy focus
on open source, and saw lower usage, has struggled at times with an interface that was seen as more complex to navigate
than what GitHub offers. In recent times, though, this has changed. Bitbucket now draws rave reviews for its user
experience. Its online editor is among the best for editing code directly online without checking it out onto your
machine first. While not being the simplest platform to use, it’s powerful and versatile, with plenty of features to
support the needs of small businesses and enterprises who have long been heavy users of the platform. The Bitbucket
interface is centered around the “Your Work Dashboard,” which gives you easy access to your repositories and pull
requests. Bitbucket offers a fully-fledged Git interface and supports everything from filtering pull requests to issue
tracking, management of SSH keys, and other features.
GitHub has a simple interface that is friendly even for beginners to Git and online source code hosting. The platform
has long been open-source friendly and packs a UI that provides access to Git’s underlying features as well as providing
some of its own. That said, there are scenarios where you will still need to know how to use Git at the command line,
especially if you are managing large open source projects with complex merging requirements.
GitHub lets you easily see and review commits by collaborators, with online diff features, so you can manage code at a
granular level. The interface also offers excellent support for collaborative code review, highly useful for working in
teams, tracking, and management of tasks, as well as DevOps features like CI/CD. Through its other tools such as GitHub
Desktop, GitHub lets you expand the range of features you can use for managing your Git code collaboration still
further.
Developer adoption and community reach is one area where Bitbucket and GitHub have experienced diverging fortunes.
Lacking the dominant position in open source that GitHub has long enjoyed, Bitbucket continues to play second fiddle to
GitHub in terms of the number of users. However, its community has recorded impressive growth over the last several
years.
Bitbucket now boasts [more than 10 million registered](https://bitbucket.org/blog/celebrating-10-million-bitbucket-
cloud-registered-users) users, which, while not enough to supplant GitHub, which has been growing for its part as well,
makes Bitbucket firmly one of the leaders in the online Git code hosting marketplace. Since the company’s founding in
2008, its commitment to help companies write code, test software, and collaborate, has seen it grow to a level where it
can claim that 60 of the Fortune 100 corporations use Bitbucket every single day. While it might have a smaller
community than GitHub, Bitbucket is also notable for its plethora of integrations, which means its community can access
tools like Slack, AWS, Datadog, and JFrog just as well as those developers using GitHub.
GitHub’s community is far more impressive, especially when it comes to its reputation in the open-source community. To
be a credible open source project or open-source developer, it’s almost a de facto standard that your code must be
hosted and publicly available on GitHub. GitHub’s user base now consists of [over 40 million registered
users](https://venturebeat.com/2020/01/14/github-launches-android-app-in-beta/), with over 100 million Git repositories
hosted on the platform. GitHub’s community is active in 200 countries and is a significant driver in the platform’s
preeminence in the tech world. This sizable community also drives business value and might have been a factor in
[Microsoft’s acquisition of GitHub for $7.5 billion](https://news.microsoft.com/announcement/microsoft-acquires-github/)
back in 2018. While Microsoft and the open-source world had [long been at odds](https://jacquesmattheij.com/what-is-
wrong-with-microsoft-buying-github/), the partnership between GitHub and Microsoft does give GitHub new-found
credibility with enterprise customers, and Microsoft new-found credibility with open source developers and software
users. Needless to say, the GitHub community, which already counts a good share of Fortune 50 and Fortune 100 companies,
could continue to grow by leaps and bounds in the years ahead.
In addition to working with source code, both Bitbucket and GitHub serve as collaboration and knowledge sharing
platforms. Wikis and other tools for collaboration, built right into the platforms, help teams work collaboratively on
ideas that form part of the intellectual space of the code. In Bitbucket, you get a wiki when you create a code
repository. Bitbucket wikis can be edited and version controlled, and many projects also use them as project home pages.
Bitbucket offers plenty of other features that facilitate team collaboration, including side by side diffs, IDE
integrations, and the ability to organize repositories into projects.
GitHub also offers a plethora of collaboration features, with its history of facilitating very large open-source
projects bearing testimony to the robustness of tools supporting collaboration on the platform. To name a few, some of
the projects with the most influential collaborator networks and highest numbers of contributors include:
The GitHub workflow, with simple cloning, repository forking, branching, pull requests, merging, diffs, and more, makes
this one of the best platforms for teams looking to work on code together, whether open source or not. GitHub also comes
with support for wikis to document your project and share information with your team. Wikis are available for GitHub
Free, GitHub Enterprise Cloud, and GitHub Enterprise Server. Wikis can be written in Markdown or other supported
formats. Just as with source code, wikis are visible publicly for public repos, and limited to team members for private
projects.
One of the chief selling points for Atlassian’s Bitbucket is that it integrates extremely well with the Atlassian suite
of developer tools, and these tools have considerable usage and are popular among developers. This is certainly true,
and should be a factor in your consideration, however, note that GitHub has been making moves to buttress its products
with similar features, and also integrates well with the Atlassian suite of developer tools.
Bitbucket integrates well with Jira, Atlassian’s issue tracker software, and Trello, the project management tool that’s
popular among many software and business teams. In addition, there are more than 50 integrations with other commonly
used developer tools available for developers and teams hosting their repositories on Bitbucket. These include:
With integrations, you are able to view metrics from these services and tools right inside Bitbucket, as well as
managing aspects of your software or DevOps infrastructure right alongside the code.
If you do end up going with GitHub, you’ll be happy to know that the integrations available for both Trello and Jira are
very capable. In 2018, [GitHub announced it had been working with](https://github.blog/2018-10-04-announcing-the-new-
github-and-jira-software-cloud-integration/) Jira to create an integration allowing enhanced features for connecting
your GitHub code to Jira Software Cloud. Trello also has a GitHub Power Up integration that allows you to attach GitHub
pull requests to Trello cards. Managing your GitHub work in Trello should be a breeze thanks to this integration.
However, GitHub has been making moves to enhance its own product with Trello-like features. Back in 2016, for example,
[GitHub launched “Projects,](https://venturebeat.com/2016/09/14/github-launches-a-trello-competitor-pull-request-
reviews-redesigned-profile-pages/)” a feature allowing Trello-like cards to manage tasks and code projects.
GitHub also has [integrations available](https://github.com/marketplace) for a wide range of popular developer tools and
software products. A Slack integration is available for team chat, for example, as well as integrations with Codefresh
and Semaphore for continuous integration. Monitoring integrations available include LogRocket and Waydev. In the project
management category, integrations with GitKraken Glo Boards and DeepAffects are available, among plenty more useful
integrations in multiple categories.
Given that both Bitbucket and GitHub are among the giants in the Git repository hosting space, it’s likely they will
continue to offer the widest sets of integrations with other popular code tools. A notable exception here is the [2020
dropping of Mercurial](https://bitbucket.org/blog/sunsetting-mercurial-support-in-bitbucket) from Bitbucket’s source
code hosting services. GitHub never supported this VCS, but Bitbucket, for many years, did. However, due to the low
numbers of Mercurial users, it has met a final demise on Bitbucket’s platform and will not be supported in the future.
They may be the most visible and reputable Git hosting platforms available to developers today, but the popularity of
Bitbucket and GitHub does not mean they are the only viable platforms available to you. Some low key longtime players
have always been chugging along in the background and may receive more attention now that Microsoft’s acquisition of
GitHub, and other changes, have at least a small number of open-source developers asking questions.
Since its appearance on the scene in 2011, [GitLab](https://about.gitlab.com/) has become a notable competitor to both
GitHub and Bitbucket. Over the years, it has gone from offering source code management to a full DevOps lifecycle
product. To quote the company’s own web page, “From project planning and source code management to CI/CD and monitoring,
GitLab is a complete DevOps platform, delivered as a single application.”.
[LaunchPad](https://launchpad.net/) is the software collaboration management platform used by Canonical, makers of the
Ubuntu Linux distro and related software. Canonical is one of the big names in the open-source movement and its software
management platform, with support for both Git and Bazaar, will be a great solution if you are working on open source
code.
Another notable platform in the open-source world, [SourceForge](https://sourceforge.net/) allows open source developers
to host their code and distribute their software and downloads through the platform. It also has tools to import GitHub
repositories along with related data such as wikis.
There are many other Git source code management and collaboration platforms that your team can use to develop software.
Some notable ones to look at are [Google Cloud Source Repositories](https://cloud.google.com/source-repositories) and
[AWS CodeCommit](https://aws.amazon.com/codecommit/). These tools also integrate well into cloud computing resources
offered by their respective providers, Google and Amazon.
Bitbucket and GitHub are very closely matched in terms of features and either will be sufficient code repository hosting
services if you need to use Git and or need a simple personal account. Both now have unlimited free private
repositories. And if your version control system (VCS) is Mercurial, then it’s only Bitbucket for you. Unfortunately,
neither supports SVN, which remains popular. Each has some useful features not found in the other, such as GitHub pages
for small web-hosting projects, or Bitbucket’s JIRA integration.
The choice may come down to the structures of your projects. If you have many private projects and small numbers of
users per project, Bitbucket may be a cheaper option because of its per-repo pricing. If you have large teams
collaborating on just a few projects, GitHub may be the better option. The free plan offered by Bitbucket and GitHub is
aimed at solo developers and small teams.
See how [UpGuard can help secure GitHub repositories](https://www.upguard.com/demo) and prevent dangerous data
exposures.
Apart from pricing, the summary comparison table below may also help you in your decision:
Analyse
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Link github__Comparison__github_vs_bitbucket
from : github
label : Comparison
cats : media
sources : github_vs_bitbucket
to : github_vs_bitbucket
Link bitbucket__Comparison__github_vs_bitbucket
label : Comparison
from : bitbucket
to : github_vs_bitbucket
OneDev¶
Org onedev
label : OneDev
Source onedev
label : OneDev
url : https://onedev.io/ (
local)orgs : onedev
sources : onedev
Text
Title : DevOps Platform Powerful. Simple.
Excerpt : Git server with kanban, CI/CD, and packages. Seamless integration. Unparalleled experience.
OneDev is by far the best tool I’ve used in my career as a software engineer. It allows my team and me to easily keep
track of tasks and code, create in-depth reusable pipelines for our CI/CD, enforce (optional) role-based branch
protection, provide highly-detailed code reviews for pull requests. And that’s just to name a few things. Huge thanks
for creating something so awesome!Joshua Norman, Hassem Prag.
Analyse
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],
[
"create",
1
],
[
"depth",
1
],
[
"reusable",
1
],
[
"pipelines",
1
],
[
"enforce",
1
],
[
"optional",
1
],
[
"role",
1
],
[
"based",
1
],
[
"branch",
1
],
[
"protection",
1
],
[
"provide",
1
],
[
"highly",
1
],
[
"detailed",
1
],
[
"reviews",
1
],
[
"pull",
1
],
[
"requests",
1
]
],
"lists": []
},
"people": {
"commons": [
[
"Hassem Prag",
2
],
[
"awesome!Joshua Norman",
1
],
[
"Joshua Norman",
1
]
]
},
"countries": [],
"ident": {
"idents": [
[
"onedev",
1
]
],
"orgs": [
[
"onedev",
1
]
]
}
}
Ident onedev
label : OneDev
orgs : onedev
sources : onedev
Gitlab¶
Org gitlab
label : Gitlab
Source gitlab
label : Gitlab
url : https://gitlab.com/ (
local)orgs : gitlab
sources : gitlab
Text
Title : The most-comprehensive AI-powered DevSecOps platform
Excerpt : From planning to production, bring teams together in one application. Ship secure code more efficiently to deliver value faster.
Build software, not toolchains.
With native AI at every step.
Build software, not toolchains.
With native AI at every step.
GitLab Duo named a Leader in the Gartner® Magic Quadrant™ for AI Code Assistants.
[Read the report](https://about.gitlab.com/gartner-mq-ai-code-assistants/)
Trusted by.
Ship secure software, faster.
Ship secure software, faster.
Join the 50+ million people already using GitLab.
- GitLab Duo.
GitLab Premium & Ultimate, with native AI.
AI Chat in the IDE New.
Accelerate development with contextual, conversational AI.
AI Code Suggestions in the IDE New.
Helps developers write secure code more efficiently.
[See what's new](https://about.gitlab.com/pricing/premium/) - Platform.
Less time managing tools. More time delivering features.
Streamline your software delivery process with an intelligent DevSecOps platform.
[Explore our Platform](https://about.gitlab.com/platform/) - Security.
Security built in, not bolted on.
Automated scans integrate seamlessly with your pipelines.
[Learn more about Security and Compliance](https://about.gitlab.com/solutions/security-compliance/) - DevSecOps.
Unified DevSecOps workflows.
Automate and track your CI/CD pipelines from code commit to production in one platform.
[Explore CI/CD and Automation](https://about.gitlab.com/solutions/continuous-integration/)
One platform for teams of every size.
[4 hours](https://about.gitlab.com/customers/hackerone/)
saved per engineer per week.
[82%](https://about.gitlab.com/customers/radiofrance/)
decrease in cycle time.
[50%](https://about.gitlab.com/customers/cube/)
faster vulnerability detection.
[13x](https://about.gitlab.com/customers/caci/)
faster security scanning.
[20x](https://about.gitlab.com/customers/intuitive-machines/)
decrease in pipeline execution time with GitLab.
[100](https://about.gitlab.com/customers/ally/)
fewer hours of developer downtime per month.
[6x](https://about.gitlab.com/customers/deutsche-telekom/)
faster time to market.
[17%](https://about.gitlab.com/customers/agoda/)
boost in developer happiness scores.
[97%](https://about.gitlab.com/customers/sigma-defense/)
reduction in time to fix bugs.
[80x](https://about.gitlab.com/customers/lockheed-martin/)
faster CI pipeline builds.
[30%](https://about.gitlab.com/customers/carfax/)
of vulnerabilities found earlier in SDLC.
[4 hours](https://about.gitlab.com/customers/hackerone/)
saved per engineer per week.
[82%](https://about.gitlab.com/customers/radiofrance/)
decrease in cycle time.
[50%](https://about.gitlab.com/customers/cube/)
faster vulnerability detection.
[13x](https://about.gitlab.com/customers/caci/)
faster security scanning.
[20x](https://about.gitlab.com/customers/intuitive-machines/)
decrease in pipeline execution time with GitLab.
[100](https://about.gitlab.com/customers/ally/)
fewer hours of developer downtime per month.
Reduce debugging time and ship faster.
See how GitLab Ultimate transformed organizations in the 2024 commissioned Forrester Consulting Total Economic Impact™
study.
[Read the report](https://about.gitlab.com/resources/study-forrester-tei-gitlab-ultimate/)
Analyse
{
"mood": {
"sentiment_general": "Positive",
"polarite": 0.284,
"subjectivite": 0.551,
"scores_vader": {
"positif": 0.155,
"neutre": 0.829,
"negatif": 0.017,
"compose": 0.991
}
},
"words": {
"commons": [
[
"gitlab",
31
],
[
"customers",
17
],
[
"faster",
9
],
[
"time",
9
],
[
"platform",
6
],
[
"security",
6
],
[
"per",
6
],
[
"software",
5
],
[
"hours",
4
],
[
"decrease",
4
],
[
"native",
3
],
[
"every",
3
],
[
"ship",
3
],
[
"secure",
3
],
[
"ultimate",
3
],
[
"devsecops",
3
],
[
"pipeline",
3
],
[
"build",
2
],
[
"toolchains",
2
],
[
"step",
2
],
[
"duo",
2
],
[
"gartner",
2
],
[
"assistants",
2
],
[
"read",
2
],
[
"report",
2
],
[
"premium",
2
],
[
"ide",
2
],
[
"see",
2
],
[
"explore",
2
],
[
"pipelines",
2
]
],
"lists": []
},
"people": {
"commons": [
[
"Ship",
2
],
[
"Magic Quadrant",
1
],
[
"Build",
1
],
[
"Magic Quadrant\u2122",
1
],
[
"Explore",
1
]
]
},
"countries": [],
"ident": {
"idents": [
[
"gitlab",
1
]
],
"orgs": [
[
"gitlab",
1
]
]
}
}
Ident gitlab
label : Gitlab
orgs : gitlab
sources : gitlab
Source gitlab_github_sync
label : Gitlab
url : https://dev.to/brunorobert/github-and-gitlab-sync-44mn (
local)
Text
Title : Github and Gitlab sync
Excerpt : Both Github and Gitlab are great ways to host your git repositories online. They both have great...
Both Github and Gitlab are great ways to host your git repositories online. They both have great tools to manage your
project, be it open source or private code.
I'm not going to compare both services in depth since many guides already do so. For me, the general difference between
Github and Gitlab is Gitlab is focusing more effort on CI/CD pipelines and tools for companies whereas Github is focused
more on the community and creating a platform to share open-source code.
Both can be used for either scenario... which makes it really hard to choose between them!
But what if I told you you didn't have to choose O_o?
[
](https://dev.to#why-i-want-to-use-both-gitlab-and-github)
Why I want to use both Gitlab and Github.
Just a quick disclaimer, this is the method I use. It works for me but might not work for everyone. I recommend
experimenting with things for yourself, do some tests.
I'm sharing my experience because I feel that it could be useful for someone in the same position as me.
I like to be able to organize my repositories into projects (or groups in Gitlab). Unfortunately, Github doesn't do
this.
I also want to be able to reach as many people as possible with my repositories, Github has the largest community.
Damn it, I'm stuck, I want features from both providers.
Luckily for me, Gitlab has two things that make symbiosis between the two tools possible:
- Github repository import This makes importing a repository from Github super easy.
- Repository synchronization from Gitlab -> Github (for free) This allows me to use Gitlab as the main source of truth
but also have the repository on Github. I can use Github's issue tracker, wiki and forum (Github discussion)
- Great CI/CD (ok, I lied when I said two things)
[
](https://dev.to#sync-gitlab-to-github-easy)
Sync Gitlab to Github (easy)
This one is simple. You could set up some CI/CD yourself. But Gitlab will automatically do this for you.
- Go to "Settings > Repository > Mirroring repositories"
- Enter your Github repo with your username in front.
https://<github username>@github.com/path/to/your/repo.git.
- In the password field, enter your Github token.
- Select push (this requires a subscription)
- Press Mirror repository.
From now on, changes to Gitlab will be mirrored to Github.
[
](https://dev.to#sync-github-to-gitlab-intermediate-unless-you-pay)
Sync Github to Gitlab (intermediate unless you pay)
There are two ways to do this (both are equivalent just from opposite platforms)
- Either you set up a CI/CD pipeline on Github that triggers using a webhook (on push and pull requests).
- Either you set up a CI/CD pipeline on Gitlab that triggers using a webhook (on push and pull requests).
Turns out this is actually a premium feature... You cannot use the pull webhook without paying now.
I personally chose to do this from the Github side since the Github method is free.
[
](https://dev.to#method-1-github-cicd)
Method 1 Github CI/CD.
- Create the following secrets in your Github repository.
-
TARGET_URL.
value: the URL of the Gitlab repository -
TARGET_TOKEN.
value: Gitlab token -
TARGET_USERNAME.
value: Gitlab username.
-
- Create a Github action for your repository with the following code:
name: GitlabSync.
on:
- push.
- delete.
jobs:
sync:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest.
name: Git Repo Sync.
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v2.
with:
fetch-depth: 0.
- uses: wangchucheng/git-repo-sync@v0.1.0.
with:
# Such as https://github.com/wangchucheng/git-repo-sync.git.
target-url: ${{ secrets.TARGET_URL }}
# Such as wangchucheng.
target-username: ${{ secrets.TARGET_USERNAME }}
# You can store token in your project's 'Setting > Secrets' and reference the name here. Such as ${{
secrets.ACCESS\_TOKEN }}
target-token: ${{ secrets.TARGET_TOKEN }}
- Make sure the branch you are pushing to in Gitlab is not protected or allows for force push.
[
](https://dev.to#method-2-gitlab-cicd-requires-gitlab-premium)
Method 2 Gitlab CI/CD (requires Gitlab premium)
Note that if you have a subscription with Gitlab, you can also do this in a few clicks in the same dashion as how we set
up syncing from Gitlab to Github.
Go to "Settings > Repository > Mirroring repositories"
- Enter your Github repo with your username in front.
https://<github username>@github.com/path/to/your/repo.git.
- In the password field, enter your Github token.
- Select pull (this requires a subscription)
- Press Mirror repository.
[
](https://dev.to#manual-setup)
Manual Setup.
[
](https://dev.to#setup-the-webhooks)
Setup the webhooks.
If you created the Gitlab project via the Github import tool then you can completely skip this step.
- In your Github repository, go to "Settings > Webhooks"
- Create a new webhook.
- Payload path:
https://gitlab.com/api/v4/projects/<gitlab project id>/mirror/pull.
(the project id can be found in "Settings > General") - Content Type:
application/json.
- SSL Verification: off.
- Only send for: push and pull.
- Payload path:
Activate.
In the Gitlab project, go to "Settings > Webhooks"
select.
Push eventsfrom the repository and enter the Github repository (with a token if it's private)
[
](https://dev.to#setup-the-cicd-variables)
Setup the CI/CD Variables.
- In the Gitlab project, go to "Settings > CI/CD > Variables"
- Create a variable with key:
ACCESS_TOKEN.
and value: (make it hidden because this is sensitive)- Create a variable with key:
REMOTE_REPOSITORY_URL.
and value:<your Github token>@<your repository URL>
(make it hidden because this is sensitive)
- Create a variable with key:
[
](https://dev.to#setup-the-cicd)
Setup the CI/CD.
- Create a pipeline by either going to "CI/CD > Editor" or by creating a file.
.gitlab-ci.yml.
in your project root and add the following content:
sync-with-github:
before_script:
- git config --global user.name "${GITLAB_USER_NAME}"
- git config --global user.email "${GITLAB_USER_EMAIL}"
script:
- git remote add github $REMOTE_REPOSITORY_URL.
- git checkout master.
- git pull origin master.
- git pull github master.
- git status.
- git push https://root:$ACCESS_TOKEN@$CI_SERVER_HOST/$CI_PROJECT_PATH.git HEAD:master.
[
](https://dev.to#caveats)
Caveats.
This doesn't come without downsides. Here are a few I have found while testing this setup.
- Wikis, Issues, Discussions, boards, etc. will not sync between the two hosting providers. This will only sync what is
in your repository. There are ways to synchronize the Wikis ( The Wiki is essentially a hidden .git repository and both
Github and Gitlab use the same Wiki format )
- It can get confusing to have two remote repositories at the same time.
- They can get out of sync if multiple commits happen at two locations at once and create conflicts (I only use this on
repositories I and only I use)
Analyse
{
"mood": {
"sentiment_general": "Neutral",
"polarite": 0.094,
"subjectivite": 0.523,
"scores_vader": {
"positif": 0.099,
"neutre": 0.878,
"negatif": 0.023,
"compose": 0.997
}
},
"words": {
"commons": [
[
"github",
43
],
[
"gitlab",
33
],
[
"sync",
12
],
[
"dev",
10
],
[
"use",
9
],
[
"setup",
9
],
[
"project",
8
],
[
"push",
8
],
[
"pull",
8
],
[
"create",
8
],
[
"two",
7
],
[
"repo",
7
],
[
"token",
7
],
[
"method",
6
],
[
"settings",
6
],
[
"username",
6
],
[
"secrets",
6
],
[
"enter",
5
],
[
"value",
5
],
[
"either",
4
],
[
"want",
4
],
[
"make",
4
],
[
"set",
4
],
[
"path",
4
],
[
"requires",
4
],
[
"webhook",
4
],
[
"cicd",
4
],
[
"name",
4
],
[
"webhooks",
4
],
[
"master",
4
]
],
"lists": []
},
"people": {
"commons": [
[
"Settings",
6
],
[
"Sync Github",
2
],
[
"wangchucheng",
2
],
[
"Manual Setup",
2
],
[
"Mirror",
2
],
[
"value:<your Github",
1
],
[
".gitlab-ci.yml",
1
],
[
"Wiki",
1
],
[
"Great CI/CD",
1
],
[
"Sync Gitlab",
1
],
[
"Push",
1
],
[
"Issues",
1
]
]
},
"countries": [],
"ident": {
"idents": [
[
"github",
1
],
[
"gitlab",
1
]
],
"orgs": [
[
"github",
1
],
[
"gitlab",
1
]
]
}
}
Event github_vs_gitlab
label : Github vsnGitlab
source :
cats : media
from : github
from-label : Comparison
Summarize Key Differences
By now, you have a clearer understanding of the core similarities and distinctions between GitLab and GitHub. Let’s recap some key takeaways:
Git Foundations: Both platforms excel at core version control and code collaboration.
Feature Breadth: GitLab offers a wider array of built-in tools spanning the entire DevOps spectrum.
Focus: GitHub maintains a slightly stronger focus on developer workflows and open-source collaboration.
Hosting: GitLab provides the flexibility of self-hosting, while GitHub primarily operates as a SaaS model.
Open-Source Advantage: Both platforms harness the collaborative power of open-source development.
Source github_vs_gitlab
label : Github vsnGitlab
Link github__Comparison__github_vs_gitlab
from : github
label : Comparison
cats : media
sources : github_vs_gitlab
to : github_vs_gitlab
Link gitlab__Comparison__github_vs_gitlab
label : Comparison
from : gitlab
to : github_vs_gitlab
Link gitlab__Also compared__github_vs_bitbucket
label : Also compared
from : gitlab
to : github_vs_bitbucket
Business Today¶
Org businesstoday
label : Business Today
Source businesstoday
label : Business Today
url : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Today_(India) (
local)orgs : businesstoday
sources : businesstoday
Text
Title : Business Today (India) - Wikipedia
Business Today (India)
| Editor | Siddharth Zarabi |
|---|---|
| Categories | Business magazine |
| Frequency | Fortnightly |
|
[[1]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-H01-1)[Living
Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Media)[India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India)[English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language)[www](http://www.businesstoday.in)
.businesstoday .in Business Today is an Indian fortnightly business magazine published by.
[Living Media India Limited](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Media),
in publication since 1992.
[[2]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-2)Circulation.
[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Business_Today_(India)&action=edit§ion=1)]
Business Today has the highest circulation and readership amongst business magazines, and is among the top 10 English-
language magazines across genres. It is published once a fortnight, and commands a readership base of 1.7 million
readers.[[3]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-3)[
[unreliable source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources)]
[
][independent source needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources)Events.
[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Business_Today_(India)&action=edit§ion=2)]
Business Today events is a group of programmes that includes the signature BT MindRush and BT Best CEO
Awards.[[4]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-4)[ BT does events such as India@100 Economy Summit.
[unreliable source?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources)]
[[5]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-5)[
][unreliable source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources)[
][independent source needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources)Leadership.
[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Business_Today_(India)&action=edit§ion=3)]
In May 2021, India Today Group elevated [Rahul Kanwal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahul_Kanwal) to the role of
executive director of Business
Today.[[6]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-6)[[7]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-7)[
[unreliable source?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources)]
References.
[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Business_Today_(India)&action=edit§ion=4)]
[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-H01_1-0)["Top 10 English Magazines: Indian Readership
Survey"](https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20131019165039/http://www.hansaresearch.com/dload/Output.pdf), Hansa
Research, 2Q 2010.[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-2). Tata McGraw-Hill Education. 2009. p. 713.Advertising N
Promotion[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))[978-0-07-008031-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-008031-7).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-3)["India
Today English continues to be the country's most-read news magazine: IRS 2019 Q4
survey"](https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/india-today-english-continues-to-be-the-country-most-read-
news-magazine-irs-2019-q4-survey-258162-2020-05-13).Business Today. 13 May 2020. Retrieved 26 July
2022.[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-4)["Business Today's MindRush event to be held on June
24"](https://bestmediainfo.com/2022/06/business-today-s-mindrush-event-to-be-held-on-june-24).www.bestmediaifo.com. 21
June 2022. Retrieved 26 July 2022.[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-5)["India Economic
Summit"](https://www.businesstoday.in/india-economic-summit).Business Today. Retrieved 26 July
2022.[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-6)["Rahul Kanwal elevated to executive director, Business
Today"](https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/news-broadcasting/rahul-kanwal-elevated-to-executive-
director-business-today-210508).Indian Television Dot Com. 8 May 2021. Retrieved 26 July
2022.[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-7)["Business Today celebrates 18th Most Powerful Women in Business
awards"](https://bestmediainfo.com/2022/03/business-today-celebrates-18th-most-powerful-women-in-business-
awards).www.bestmediaifo.com. 15 March 2022. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
External links.
[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Business_Today_(India)&action=edit§ion=5)]
Analyse
{
"mood": {
"sentiment_general": "Positive",
"polarite": 0.169,
"subjectivite": 0.373,
"scores_vader": {
"positif": 0.057,
"neutre": 0.943,
"negatif": 0.0,
"compose": 0.929
}
},
"words": {
"commons": [
[
"business",
18
],
[
"today",
16
],
[
"india",
15
],
[
"english",
5
],
[
"ion",
5
],
[
"magazine",
4
],
[
"businesstoday",
4
],
[
"unreliable",
4
],
[
"indian",
3
],
[
"readership",
3
],
[
"magazines",
3
],
[
"events",
3
],
[
"mindrush",
3
],
[
"awards",
3
],
[
"summit",
3
],
[
"elevated",
3
],
[
"rahul",
3
],
[
"kanwal",
3
],
[
"executive",
3
],
[
"director",
3
],
[
"survey",
3
],
[
"fortnightly",
2
],
[
"living",
2
],
[
"media",
2
],
[
"http",
2
],
[
"published",
2
],
[
"circulation",
2
],
[
"top",
2
],
[
"independent",
2
],
[
"needed",
2
]
],
"lists": []
},
"people": {
"commons": [
[
"Rahul Kanwal",
2
],
[
"Siddharth Zarabi",
1
],
[
"Zarabi",
1
],
[
"Frequency",
1
],
[
"Media",
1
],
[
"English",
1
],
[
"Media India Limited",
1
],
[
"Hansa Research",
1
],
[
"Tata",
1
],
[
"N Promotion",
1
]
]
},
"countries": [],
"ident": {
"idents": [
[
"business today",
1
]
],
"orgs": [
[
"business today",
1
]
]
}
}
Ident businesstoday
label : Business Today
orgs : businesstoday
sources : businesstoday
Event businesstoday_GitHub_AI_Agent
label : GitHub AI Agent
description : Microsoft Launches GitHub AI Agent That Codes & Fixes Bugs, Satya Nadella Demos Live Bug Fixes
source :
cats : media
from : businesstoday
from-label : Publish
Source businesstoday_GitHub_AI_Agent
label : GitHub AI Agent
description : Microsoft Launches GitHub AI Agent That Codes & Fixes Bugs, Satya Nadella Demos Live Bug Fixes
Video text
Title : Microsoft Launches GitHub AI Agent That Codes & Fixes Bugs, Satya Nadella Demos Live Bug Fixes
Uh we have a bunch of new updates we're rolling out at build starting with Visual Studio. It is the most powerful IDE
forn net and C++ uh make and we're making it even better right net 10 support uh live preview at design time
improvements to git tooling a new debugger for crossplatform apps and much much more. And we're moving by the way to a
monthly cadence for stable releases as well. And when it comes to VS Code, just a couple of weeks ago, we shipped we
shipped our hundth release in the open. It included improved multi-wind support and made it easier to view stage
directly from within the editor. And GitHub continues to be the home for developers. GitHub enterprise has tremendous
momentum in in the enterprise and we're doubling down for developers building any applications trust security compliance
auditability data residency are even more critical today. Now starting with tools you use to the infrastructure you
deploy on to reach the users and the markets you want. You know, talking about trust, opensource is at the core of
GitHub and we're taking this next big step. As GitHub copilot has evolved inside VS Code, AI has become so central to
how we code and that's why we're open sourcing C-Pilot in VS Code. We're really excited about this. You know, this is a
big deal. Starting today, we will integrate these AI powered capabilities directly into the core of VS Code, bringing
them into the same open-source repo that powers the most world's most loved uh dev tool. And of course, we'll continue
to build out GitHub Copilot 2. In fact, over the past few years, we've gone from code completions to chat to multifile
edits and now agents. And this same pattern is emerging more broadly across the agentic web. Uh you can ask questions
and AI assistance give us answers. You can assign tasks to agents and have them execute them or work side by side with
AI to complete jobs and projects. And you can mix and match all of these form factors, right? That's kind of what we
care about as developers. It's not about any one of them. In fact, we're building app modernization right into agent
mode, right? So, Copilot now is capable of upgrading frameworks like a Java 8 to 20 Java 21 or .NET 6 to .NET 9 and
migrate any onremise app to the cloud. Uh, it creates a plan for your code and dependencies, suggests the fixes along
the way, learns from changes you make, and makes the entire process seamless. And the next thing we're introducing is an
autonomous agent for site reliability engineering or S sur, right? I mean, think about one of the biggest pain points
for any of us, right? Getting woken up in the middle of the night to deal with a life side issue. Uh, take a pager duty,
memory leak issue. Um the S sur agent starts automatically triaging root causing mitigating the issue and then it logs
the incident management report as a GitHub issue with all the repair items. Uh and from there you can even assign the
repair items uh to GitHub copilot and not we're not stopping there. This is the next big step forward which is a full
coding agent built right into GitHub. Taking C-Pilot from being a pair programmer to a peer programmer. You can assign
issues to Copilot bug fixes, new features, code maintenance, and it'll complete these tasks auto autonomously. And today
I'm super excited that it's now available to all of you. You know, let me walk over. You know, gone are the days when I
could just simply, you know, report bugs. At this point, I get to I'm assigned bugs to fix. And, you know, that's kind
of called empowerment. Um and you know here I am uh with all the bugs that I have or issues that I have to deal with in
uh GitHub issues. Uh the first one is adding a filter uh for user group size community page. Let's go take a look at
this issue. Um it's nice. They say like I've got to go put some new filter up here. It also shows me where uh I guess it
needs to do a range small, medium, large by size or some kind of a percentile. Um it's like some kind of a group by case
when type of thing. So anyway, so let's do the thing that is easiest for me. Uh in fact, it even has some caching stuff
which I have no idea what that is, but I guess there's a staging cache and then a readers. Okay, fine. Let's do the
thing that I can do, which is assign it to my new buddy, co-pilot. So, I'm going to assign it. And um there you go.
Let's go and see. Uh let me scroll down. Uh ah, it's picked it up. It sees me. It creates a PR. And uh you know, you see
that lice eye emoji? It sort of knows that I'm here and it's sort of going on to work. and we'll come back and check it
out later, right? It's just so fun, right? To be able to go take care of issues like that, like email triage assigned to
co-pilot. Uh, you know, it's what what it's doing is it's setting up a branch. Uh, it starts uh GitHub actions in the
sense it just generates the compute for you or creates a virtual machine using GitHub actions. uh it commits a draft PR
to session logs and in fact you can go back to the session logs and continue to see all the the draft PRs as it's
working. Our coding agent respects all the security measures while delivering a great developer experience. [Music] If
you like the video do like, comment, share and subscribe.
Analyse
{
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"negatif": 0.008,
"compose": 0.997
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"ident": {
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}
Link businesstoday__Publish__businesstoday_GitHub_AI_Agent
from : businesstoday
label : Publish
cats : media
sources : businesstoday_GitHub_AI_Agent
to : businesstoday_GitHub_AI_Agent
Link github__New__businesstoday_GitHub_AI_Agent
label : New
from : github
to : businesstoday_GitHub_AI_Agent
Countries¶
country US
label : United States
Source US
label : United States
sources : US
Text
Title : United States - Wikipedia
United States.
United States of America | |
|---|---|
Motto: "
Other traditional mottos:
| |
Anthem: "
| |
| Capital |
|
[New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City)[40°43′N 74°0′W / 40.717°N
74.000°W](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=United_States¶ms=40_43_N_74_0_W_)[English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language)[[a]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-
officiallanguage-6)[Ethnic groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group)
By race:
- 61.6%
[White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Americans) - 12.4%
[Black](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans) - 6%
[Asian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Americans) - 1.1%
[Native American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States) - 0.2%
[Pacific Islander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans) - 10.2%
[two or more races](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiracial_Americans) - 8.4%
[other](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census)
By origin:
- 81.3% non-
[Hispanic or Latino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans) - 18.7% Hispanic or Latino.
[[9]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Staff-2007-10)- 67%
[Christianity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_States)- 33%
[Protestantism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States) - 22%
[Catholicism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States) - 11% other.
[Christian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations) - 1%
[Mormonism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormonism)
- 33%
- 67%
- 22%
[unaffiliated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_States) - 2%
[Judaism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Jews) - 6%
[other religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States) - 3% unanswered.
[Demonym(s)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym)
[American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans)[[10]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-11)[[b]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-
demonym-12)[Government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_United_States)
[presidential republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_system)[Donald
Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump)[JD Vance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JD_Vance)[Mike
Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Johnson)[John
Roberts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roberts)[Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress)[Senate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate)[House
of
Representatives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives)[Independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution)
[Great Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain)
[Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States)
2)[[12]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-CensusGov2010HTML-14)([[c]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-
largestcountry-15)[3rd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area))(2010)[[11]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-13)2)
(3rd)[Population](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_United_States)
[[13]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-
Vintage2024-16)[[14]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-17)([[d]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-
pop-18)[3rd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population))2)
([180th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density))[GDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product)(
[PPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity))
[[15]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-IMFWEO.US-19)([[e]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-
PPP-20)[2nd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)))([[15]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-
IMFWEO.US-19)[9th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita))[GDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product)(nominal)
([[15]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-
IMFWEO.US-19)[1st](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)))([[15]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-
IMFWEO.US-19)[7th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita))[Gini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient)(2023)
[[16]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-21)[[f]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-22)medium inequality.
[HDI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index)(2023)
[[17]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-UNHDR-23)very high (
[17th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index))[U.S.
dollar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar)([$](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/$))
([USD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217))[UTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time)[−4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9204:00)to[−12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9212:00),[+10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B10:00),[+11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B11:00)[DST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time))
[UTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time)[−4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9204:00)to[−10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9210:00)[[g]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-
time-24)[[h]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-25)[+1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Numbering_Plan)[ISO
3166 code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166)
[US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:US)[Internet TLD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_top-
level_domain)
[.us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.us)[[18]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-26)The United States of America (USA),
also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in [North
America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America). It is a [federal
republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_republic) of 50 [states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state) and a
federal capital district, [Washington, D.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.) The 48 [contiguous
states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contiguous_states) border [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada) to the
north and [Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico) to the south, with the [semi-
exclave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-exclave) of [Alaska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska) in the northwest
and the [archipelago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelago) of [Hawaii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii) in
the [Pacific Ocean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean). The United States also asserts sovereignty over five
[major island territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States) and [various uninhabited
islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands) in
[Oceania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania) and the [Caribbean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean). [j] It is
a.
[megadiverse country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megadiverse_country), with the world's.
[third-largest land area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area)
and.
[[c]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-largestcountry-15)[third-largest
population](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population), exceeding 340 million.
[[k]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-pop_clock-32)[Paleo-Indians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleo-Indians)
migrated from North Asia to North America over 12,000 years ago, and formed various civilizations. [Spanish
colonization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas) established [Spanish
Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Florida) in 1513, the first European colony in what is now the
continental United States. [British colonization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas)
followed with the 1607 settlement of [Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia), the first of the
[Thirteen Colonies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies). [Forced
migration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Passage) of [enslaved
Africans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States) supplied the labor force to sustain the [Southern
Colonies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Colonies)' [plantation
economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation_economy). Clashes with the [British
Crown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown) over taxation and lack of [parliamentary
representation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation) sparked the [American
Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution), leading to the [Declaration of
Independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence) on July 4, 1776. Victory in the
1775–1783 [Revolutionary War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War) brought international
recognition of U.S. sovereignty and fueled [westward
expansion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States), dispossessing [native
inhabitants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States). As more states [were
admitted](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union), a North–South [division over
slavery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states) led the [Confederate States of
America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America) to attempt secession and fight [the
Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)) in the 1861–1865 [American Civil
War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War). With the United States' victory and reunification, [slavery was
abolished nationally](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution). By 1900,
the country had established itself as a [great power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_power), a status solidified
after its involvement in [World War I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I). Following
[Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan)'s [attack on Pearl
Harbor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor) in 1941, the U.S. [entered World War
II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_II). [Its
aftermath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II) left the U.S. and the [Soviet
Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union) as rival [superpowers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpower),
competing for [ideological dominance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideological_dominance) and [international
influence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_influence) during the [Cold
War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War). The [Soviet Union's
collapse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union) in 1991 ended the Cold War, leaving the U.S. as
the world's sole superpower.
The [U.S. national government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States) is a
[presidential](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_system)
[constitutional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States) federal republic and [representative
democracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_democracy) with [three separate
branches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution):
[legislative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress),
[executive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments), and
[judicial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States). It has a
[bicameral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralism) national legislature composed of the [House of
Representatives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives) (a [lower
house](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_house) based on population) and the
[Senate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate) (an [upper
house](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_house) based on equal representation for each state). [Federalism grants
substantial autonomy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States) to the 50 states. In addition, 574
Native American tribes have [sovereignty rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States),
and there are 326 [Native American reservations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_reservations). Since the
1850s, the [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)) and
[Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)) parties have dominated [American
politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_politics), while [American
values](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)) are based on a democratic tradition inspired by the
[American Enlightenment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Enlightenment) movement.
A [developed country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_country), the [U.S.
ranks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_rankings_of_the_United_States) high in economic competitiveness,
innovation, and [higher education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_United_States). Accounting for
[over a quarter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)) of nominal global economic output,
[its economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States) has been the world's largest [since about
1890](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_largest_historical_GDP). It is the [wealthiest
country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_wealth), with the [highest disposable household income
per
capita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disposable_household_and_per_capita_income#Household_disposable_income_per_capita_(OECD))
among [OECD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD) members, though [its wealth
inequality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_inequality_in_the_United_States) is one of the most pronounced in those
countries. Shaped by centuries of immigration, the [culture of the
U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States) is diverse and [globally
influential](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americanization). Making up [more than a
third](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_with_highest_military_expenditures) of global military spending,
the country has [one of the strongest militaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces) and is a
designated [nuclear state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_state). A member of [numerous international
organizations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_organization_membership_of_the_United_States), the U.S. plays
a major role in global political, cultural, economic, and military affairs.
Etymology.
Documented use of the phrase "United States of America" dates back to January 2, 1776. On that day, [Stephen
Moylan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Moylan), a [Continental
Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Army) aide to General [George
Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington), wrote a letter to [Joseph
Reed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Reed_(politician)), Washington's [aide-de-
camp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aide-de-camp), seeking to go "with full and ample powers from the United States of
America to Spain" to seek assistance in the [Revolutionary
War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War) effort.[[22]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-
DeLear-20132-33) [23] The first known public usage is an.
[anonymous essay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous_work)published in the.
[Williamsburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia)newspaper.
on April 6, 1776.
[The Virginia Gazette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Virginia_Gazette)Sometime on or after June 11, 1776,
[[22]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-DeLear-20132-33)[Thomas
Jefferson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson)wrote "United States of America" in a rough draft of the.
[Declaration of Independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence),
which was adopted by the.
[[22]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-DeLear-20132-33)[Second Continental
Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress)on July 4, 1776.
[[24]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Davis72-35)The term "United States" and its initialism "U.S.", used as nouns
or as adjectives in English, are common short names for the country. The initialism "USA", a noun, is also common. [25]
"United States" and "U.S." are the established terms throughout the.
[U.S. federal government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States), with prescribed rules.
"The States" is an established colloquial shortening of the name, used particularly from abroad;
[[l]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-38)"stateside" is the corresponding adjective or adverb.
[[27]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-39)
[[28]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-40)"America" is the feminine form of the first word of Americus Vesputius, the
Latinized name of Italian explorer [Amerigo Vespucci](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci) (1454–1512); [m]
it was first used as a place name by the German cartographers.
[Martin Waldseemüller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Waldseem%C3%BCller)and.
[Matthias Ringmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Ringmann)in 1507.
[[29]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-42)Vespucci first proposed that the.
[[n]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-43)[West Indies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies)discovered by.
[Christopher Columbus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus)in 1492 were part of a previously unknown
landmass and not among the Indies at the eastern limit of Asia.
[[30]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-44)
[[31]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-45)In English,
[[32]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-locnamingofamerica-46)[the term
"America"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas_(terminology))usually does not refer to topics unrelated to the United
States, despite the usage of "the.
[Americas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas)" to describe the totality of the continents of.
[North](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America)and.
[South America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America).
[[33]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-47)History.
Indigenous peoples.
The [first inhabitants of North America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleo-Indians) migrated from
[Siberia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia) over 12,000 years ago, either across the [Bering land
bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bering_land_bridge) or along the [now-submerged Ice Age
coastline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_migration_(Americas)).[[35]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-
FOOTNOTEErlandsonRickVellanoweth200819-49) [36] The.
[Clovis culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis_culture), which appeared around 11,000 BC, is believed to be the
first widespread culture in the Americas.
[[37]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatersStafford20071122–1126-51)Over time, Indigenous North American
cultures grew increasingly sophisticated, and some, such as the.
[[38]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlannery2015173–185-52)[Mississippian
culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippian_culture), developed.
[agriculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex),
[architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex), and.
[complex societies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_societies).
In the.
[[39]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockard2010315-53)[post-archaic
period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States#Post-Archaic_stage), the
Mississippian cultures were located in the.
[midwestern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_States),
[eastern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_United_States), and.
[southern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States)regions, and the.
[Algonquian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonquian_peoples)in the.
[Great Lakes region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_region)and along the.
[Eastern Seaboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States), while the.
[Hohokam culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohokam_culture)and.
[Ancestral Puebloans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans)inhabited the.
[southwest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Southwest).
[[40]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-54)[Native population
estimates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas)of what is now the
United States before the arrival of European immigrants range from around 500,000.
[[41]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton199834-55)to nearly 10 million.
[[42]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerdueGreen200540-56)
[[42]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerdueGreen200540-56)
[[43]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHainesHainesSteckel200012-57)European exploration, colonization and
conflict (1513–1765)
[Christopher Columbus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus) began exploring the
[Caribbean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean) for Spain in 1492, leading to [Spanish-speaking settlements and
missions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire) from what are now [Puerto
Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico) and [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Florida) to [New
Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico) and
[California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_California). The first Spanish colony in the present-day continental
United States was [Spanish Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Florida), chartered in
1513.[[44]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Galloway2006-58)[[45]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-
Hudson2018-59)[[46]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-60) [47] After several settlements failed there due to hunger
and disease, Spain's first permanent town,
[Saint Augustine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Augustine,_Florida), was founded in 1565.
[[48]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-62)France established its own settlements in [French
Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Florida) in 1562, but they were either abandoned (Charlesfort, 1578) or
destroyed by Spanish raids ([Fort Caroline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Caroline), 1565). [Permanent French
settlements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_France) were founded much later along the [Great
Lakes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes) ([Fort
Detroit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Pontchartrain_du_D%C3%A9troit), 1701), the [Mississippi
River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River) (Saint Louis, 1764) and especially the [Gulf of
Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico) ([New Orleans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans), 1718).
[49] Early European colonies also included the thriving Dutch colony of.
[New Nederland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Nederland)(settled 1626, present-day New York) and the small Swedish
colony of.
[New Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Sweden)(settled 1638 in what is now Delaware).
[British colonization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas)of the.
[East Coast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States)began with the.
[Virginia Colony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia)(1607) and the.
[Plymouth Colony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Colony)(Massachusetts, 1620).
[[50]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Jr.Selby20182-64)
[[51]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-BellahSullivan20062-65)The [Mayflower
Compact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower_Compact) in Massachusetts and the [Fundamental Orders of
Connecticut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_Orders_of_Connecticut) established precedents for representative
[self-governance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-governance) and
[constitutionalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutionalism) that would develop throughout the American
colonies.[[52]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Remini2–32-66) [53] While European settlers in what is now the United
States experienced conflicts with Native Americans, they also engaged in trade, exchanging European tools for food and
animal pelts.
[[54]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-68)Relations ranged from close cooperation to warfare and massacres. The
colonial authorities often pursued policies that forced Native Americans to adopt European lifestyles, including
conversion to Christianity.
[[o]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-72)
[[58]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-73)Along the eastern seaboard, settlers.
[[59]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-74)[trafficked African
slaves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States)through the.
[Atlantic slave trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade).
[[60]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-75)The original [Thirteen
Colonies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies) [p] that would later found the United States were
administered as possessions of the.
[British Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire)by Crown-appointed governors,
though.
[[61]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-BilhartzElliott20072-77)[local governments held elections open to most white
male property owners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_government_in_the_Thirteen_Colonies).
[[62]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Wood19982-78)The colonial population grew rapidly from Maine to Georgia,
eclipsing Native American populations;
[[63]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-79)by the 1770s, the natural increase of the population was such that only a
small minority of Americans had been born overseas.
[[64]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-80)The colonies' distance from Britain facilitated the entrenchment of self-
governance,
[[65]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-81)and the.
[[66]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-82)[First Great
Awakening](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Great_Awakening), a series of.
[Christian revivals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_revival), fueled colonial interest in guaranteed.
[religious liberty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_religion).
[[67]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-83)American Revolution and the early republic (1765–1800)
Following their victory in the [French and Indian War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_and_Indian_War), Britain
began to assert greater control over local colonial affairs, resulting in [colonial political
resistance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution); one of the primary colonial grievances was a denial of
their [rights as Englishmen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rights_of_Englishmen), particularly the right to
[representation in the British government that taxed
them](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation). To demonstrate their dissatisfaction and
resolve, the [First Continental Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Continental_Congress) met in 1774 and
passed the [Continental Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Association), a colonial boycott of
British goods that proved effective. The British attempt to then disarm the colonists resulted in the 1775 [Battles of
Lexington and Concord](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord), igniting the [American
Revolutionary War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War). At the [Second Continental
Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress), the colonies appointed [George
Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington) commander-in-chief of the [Continental
Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Army), and created [a
committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Five) that named [Thomas
Jefferson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson) to draft the [Declaration of
Independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence). Two days after passing the [Lee
Resolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Resolution) to create an independent nation the Declaration was adopted on
July 4, 1776. [68] The.
[political values of the American Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Enlightenment)included.
[liberty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty),
[inalienable individual rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights); and the.
[sovereignty of the people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_sovereignty);
supporting.
[[69]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-85)[republicanism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States)and
rejecting.
[monarchy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy),
[aristocracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocracy), and all hereditary political power;
[civic virtue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_virtue); and vilification of.
[political corruption](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_corruption).
The.
[[70]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-86)[Founding Fathers of the United
States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States), who included Washington, Jefferson,
[John Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams),
[Benjamin Franklin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin),
[Alexander Hamilton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton),
[John Jay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay),
[James Madison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison),
[Thomas Paine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine), and many others, were inspired by.
[Classical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_republicanism#Classical_antecedents),
[Renaissance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy), and.
[Enlightenment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment#Politics)philosophies and ideas.
[[71]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-87)
[[72]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-SEoP-2006-88)Though in practical effect since its drafting in 1777, the
[Articles of Confederation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation) was ratified in 1781 and formally
established a decentralized government that operated until 1789. [68] After the British surrender at the.
[siege of Yorktown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown)in 1781, American sovereignty was internationally
recognized by the.
[Treaty of Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783))(1783), through which the U.S. gained territory
stretching west to the Mississippi River, north to present-day Canada, and south to.
[Spanish Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Florida).
The.
[[73]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-89)[Northwest
Ordinance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance)(1787) established the precedent by which the country's
territory would expand with the.
[admission of new states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union), rather than the expansion of existing
states.
[[74]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-90)The [U.S.
Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States) was drafted at the 1787 [Constitutional
Convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)) to overcome the limitations of the
Articles. It went into effect in 1789, creating a [federal republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_republic)
governed by [three separate
branches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution) that together ensured
a system of [checks and balances](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checks_and_balances). [75] George Washington.
[was elected](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election)the country's first
president under the Constitution, and the.
[Bill of Rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights)was adopted in 1791 to allay skeptics'
concerns about the power of the more centralized government.
[[76]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner2020538–540-92)[His resignation as commander-in-
chief](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington%27s_resignation_as_commander-in-chief)after the Revolutionary War
and his later refusal to run for a third term as the country's first president established a precedent for the supremacy
of civil authority in the United States and the.
[peaceful transfer of power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaceful_transition_of_power).
[[77]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-BoyerJr.20072-93)Westward expansion and Civil War (1800–1865)
In the late 18th century, American settlers began to [expand
westward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States) in larger numbers, many with a sense
of [manifest destiny](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifest_destiny).[[78]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-
MD20072-94) [79] The.
[Louisiana Purchase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase)of 1803 from France nearly doubled the territory
of the United States.
[[80]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-96)
[[81]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-97)[Lingering issues with Britain
remained](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_the_War_of_1812), leading to the.
[War of 1812](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812), which was fought to a draw.
[[82]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Wait19992-98)[Spain ceded
Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty)and its Gulf Coast territory in 1819.
[[83]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-KloseJones19942-99)The [Missouri
Compromise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Compromise) of 1820, which admitted
[Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri) as a [slave
state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states) and
[Maine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine#Statehood) as a free state, attempted to balance the desire of northern
states to prevent the expansion of slavery into new territories with that of southern states to extend it there.
Primarily, the compromise prohibited slavery in all other lands of the Louisiana Purchase north of the [36°30′
parallel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_36%C2%B030%E2%80%B2_north).[[84]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-100)
As Americans expanded further into territory inhabited by Native Americans, the [federal government implemented
policies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Indian_Policy) of [Indian
removal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_removal) or
[assimilation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation_of_Native_Americans).[[85]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-101)
[86] The most significant such legislation was the.
[Indian Removal Act of 1830](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act), a key policy of President.
[Andrew Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson). It resulted in the.
[Trail of Tears](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trail_of_Tears)(1830–1850), in which an estimated 60,000 Native Americans
living east of the.
[Mississippi River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River)were forcibly removed and displaced to lands far to
the west, causing 13,200 to 16,700 deaths along the forced march.
Settler expansion as well as this influx of Indigenous peoples from the East resulted in the.
[[87]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson198845-103)[American Indian
Wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indian_Wars)west of the Mississippi.
[[88]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-104)
[[89]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-BillingtonRidge2001j2-105)The United States [annexed the Republic of
Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_annexation) in 1845, [90] and the 1846.
[Oregon Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Treaty)led to U.S. control of the present-day.
[American Northwest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_United_States).
Dispute with Mexico over Texas led to the.
[[91]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Kemp20102-107)[Mexican–American
War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War)(1846–1848). After the victory of the U.S., Mexico
recognized U.S sovereignty over Texas,
[New Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico), and.
[California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California)in the 1848.
[Mexican Cession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Cession); the cession's lands also included the future states
of.
[Nevada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada),
[Colorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado)and.
[Utah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah).
[[78]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-MD20072-94)The.
[[92]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-McIlwraithMuller20012-108)[California gold
rush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_gold_rush)of 1848–1849 spurred a huge migration of white settlers to the
Pacific coast, leading to even more confrontations with Native populations. One of the most violent, the.
[California genocide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_genocide)of thousands of Native inhabitants, lasted into
the mid-1870s.
Additional western territories and states were created.
[[93]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-109)
[[94]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Rawls1999-110)During the colonial period, [slavery had been legal in the
American colonies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States), becoming the
main labor force in the [large-scale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States),
[agriculture-dependent economies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antebellum_South#Economic_structure) of the [Southern
Colonies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Colonies) from Maryland to Georgia. The practice began to be
significantly questioned during the American Revolution, [95] and spurred by an active.
[abolitionist movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States)that had reemerged in the 1830s,
states in.
[the North](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_United_States)enacted laws to prohibit slavery within their
boundaries.
At the same time,
[[96]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker_Howe200752–54Rodriguez2015XXXIVWright2022-112)[support for
slavery had strengthened in Southern states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-slavery_ideology_in_the_United_States),
with widespread use of inventions such as the.
[cotton gin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_gin)(1793) having made slavery immensely profitable for.
[Southern elites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planter_class).
[[97]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-113)
[[98]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-114)
[[99]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker_Howe2007478,_481–482,_587–588-115)Throughout the 1850s, this
[sectional conflict regarding slavery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states) was further inflamed
by national legislation in the U.S. Congress and decisions of the Supreme Court. In Congress, the [Fugitive Slave Act of
1850](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850) mandated the forcible return to their owners in the
South of slaves taking refuge in non-slave states, while the [Kansas–Nebraska
Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act) of 1854 effectively gutted the anti-slavery requirements
of the Missouri Compromise. [100] In its.
[Dred Scott decision](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford)of 1857, the Supreme Court ruled against a
slave brought into non-slave territory, simultaneously declaring the entire Missouri Compromise to be unconstitutional.
These and other.
[events exacerbated tensions between North and
South](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War)that would culminate in the.
[American Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War)(1861–1865).
[[101]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-117)
[[102]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Woods_2012_pp._415–4392-118)Beginning with [South
Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina), 11 slave-state governments voted to [secede from the United
States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States) in 1861, joining to create the [Confederate States
of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America). All other state governments remained loyal to
[the
Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)).[[q]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-119)[[103]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-
Silkenat_2019_p._252-120) [104] War broke out in April 1861 after the Confederacy.
[bombarded Fort Sumter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter).
[[105]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-122)Following the.
[[106]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988273–274-123)[Emancipation
Proclamation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation)on January 1, 1863, many freed slaves joined the.
[Union army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_army).
The war.
[[107]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-124)[began to turn in the Union's
favor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War)following the 1863.
[Siege of Vicksburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg)and.
[Battle of Gettysburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg), and the Confederates surrendered in 1865
after the Union's victory in the.
[Battle of Appomattox Court House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Court_House).
[[108]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-125)Reconstruction, Gilded Age, and Progressive Era (1863–1917)
Efforts toward [reconstruction in the secessionist South](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_era) had begun as
early as 1862, [111] but it was only after.
[President Lincoln's assassination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln)that the three.
[Reconstruction Amendments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments)to the Constitution were ratified.
[to protect civil rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)). The amendments
codified nationally the abolition of slavery and involuntary servitude except as punishment for crimes, promised equal
protection under the law for all persons, and prohibited discrimination on the basis of race or previous enslavement.
[[112]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-129)
[[113]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner198866-7,_251-261,_446-449-130)As a result, African Americans
took an active political role in ex-Confederate states in the decade following the Civil War.
[[114]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-131)
[[115]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner1988xxv-132)The former Confederate states were readmitted to the
Union, beginning with Tennessee in 1866 and ending with Georgia in 1870.
[[116]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubois1935381-727-133)
[[117]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-134)
[[118]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-135)National infrastructure, including [transcontinental
telegraph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_transcontinental_telegraph) and
[railroads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad), spurred growth in the [American
frontier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_frontier). This was accelerated by the [Homestead
Acts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Acts), through which nearly 10 percent of the total land area of the
United States was given away free to some 1.6 million homesteaders.[[119]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-
Black2011kj2-136) [120] From 1865 through 1917, an unprecedented stream of.
[immigrants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigrants)arrived in the United States, including 24.4 million from Europe.
Most came through the.
[[121]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-138)[Port of New
York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey), and New York City and other large cities on the.
[East Coast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States)became home to large.
[Jewish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States),
[Irish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Americans), and.
[Italian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Americans)populations. Many.
[Northern Europeans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Europe)as well as significant numbers of.
[Germans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Americans)and other.
[Central Europeans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe)moved to the.
[Midwest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_States). At the same time, about one million.
[French Canadians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French-Canadian_Americans)migrated from.
[Quebec](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec)to.
[New England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England).
During the.
[[122]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-139)[Great
Migration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)), millions of African Americans.
[left the rural South](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_economy)for urban areas in the North.
[[123]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-140)[Alaska was
purchased](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Purchase)from.
[Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire)in 1867.
[[124]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-141)The [Compromise of
1877](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compromise_of_1877) is generally considered the end of the Reconstruction era, as it
resolved the electoral crisis following the [1876 presidential
election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election) and led President [Rutherford B.
Hayes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes) to reduce the role of federal troops in the South. [125]
Immediately, the.
[Redeemers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redeemers)began evicting the.
[Carpetbaggers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpetbaggers)and quickly regained local control of Southern politics in
the name of.
[white supremacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacy).
[[126]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-143)African Americans endured a period of heightened, overt racism following
Reconstruction, a time often called the.
[[127]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-144)[nadir of American race
relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations).
[[128]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-ReferenceA2-145)A series of Supreme Court decisions, including.
[[129]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-146), emptied the.
[Plessy v.
Ferguson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson)[Fourteenth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution)and.
[Fifteenth Amendments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution)of their
force, allowing.
[Jim Crow laws](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws)in the South to remain unchecked,
[sundown towns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundown_town)in the Midwest, and.
[segregation in communities across the country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States),
which would be reinforced by the policy of.
[redlining](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redlining)later adopted by the federal.
[Home Owners' Loan Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Owners%27_Loan_Corporation).
[[130]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-147)[An explosion of technological
advancement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution) accompanied by the exploitation of cheap
immigrant labor [131] led to.
[rapid economic expansion during the late 19th and early 20th centuries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilded_Age),
allowing the United States to outpace the economies of England, France, and Germany combined.
[[132]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-149)This fostered the amassing of power by.
[[133]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-150)[a few prominent
industrialists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)), largely by their formation of.
[trusts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_(business))and.
[monopolies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly)to prevent competition.
[[134]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Atlantic2-151)[Tycoons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycoon)led the nation's
expansion in the.
[railroad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States),
[petroleum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_the_United_States), and.
[steel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_steel_industry_(1850%E2%80%931970))industries. The United States
emerged as a pioneer of the.
[automotive industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_States).
These changes resulted in significant increases in.
[[135]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-152)[economic inequality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_inequality),
[slum conditions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_the_Other_Half_Lives), and.
[social unrest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_civil_unrest_in_the_United_States), creating the
environment for.
[labor unions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States)and.
[socialist movements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States)to begin to
flourish.
[[136]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-153)
[[137]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-154)This period eventually ended with the advent of the.
[[138]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Fraser2-155)[Progressive Era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Era),
which was characterized by significant reforms.
[[139]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Aldrich2-156)
[[140]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-157)Pro-American elements in Hawaii [overthrew the Hawaiian
monarchy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom); the islands [were
annexed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newlands_Resolution) in 1898. That same year, [Puerto
Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico), [the Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philippines), and
[Guam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam) were ceded to the U.S. by Spain after the latter's defeat in the
[Spanish–American War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War). (The Philippines was granted full
independence from the U.S. on July 4, 1946, following World War II. Puerto Rico and Guam have remained U.S.
territories.)[[141]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-158)[American
Samoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa) was acquired by the United States in 1900 after the [Second Samoan
Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Samoan_Civil_War). [142] The.
[U.S. Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands)were purchased from.
[Denmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark)in 1917.
[[143]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-160)World War I, Great Depression, and World War II (1917–1945)
The United States [entered World War I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I) alongside the
[Allies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I) in 1917 helping to turn the tide against the [Central
Powers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powers). [144] In 1920,
[a constitutional
amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution)granted nationwide.
[women's suffrage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States).
During the 1920s and 1930s, radio for.
[[145]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-162)[mass communication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_communication)and
early television transformed communications nationwide.
The.
[[146]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinchester2013410–411-163)[Wall Street Crash of
1929](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929)triggered the.
[Great Depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States), to which President.
[Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt)responded with the.
[New Deal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal)plan of "reform, recovery and relief", a series of unprecedented and
sweeping.
[recovery programs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_agencies)and.
[employment relief projects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration)combined with.
[financial reforms and regulations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_economics).
[[147]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-164)
[[148]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-165)[Initially neutral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_non-
interventionism_before_entering_World_War_II) during [World War
II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II), the U.S. began [supplying
war materiel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lend-Lease) to the [Allies of World War
II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II) in March 1941 and [entered the
war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_II) in December after the [Empire of
Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan)'s [attack on Pearl
Harbor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor). [149] The U.S.
[developed the first nuclear weapons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project)and.
[used them against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and
Nagasaki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki)in August 1945, ending the war.
[[150]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-167)The United States was one of the "
[[151]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-168)[Four Policemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Policemen)" who met
to plan the.
[post-war world](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II), alongside the.
[United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom), the.
[Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union), and.
[China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)).
[[152]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoopesBrinkley1997100-169)The U.S. emerged relatively unscathed from
the war, with even greater.
[[153]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis197225-170)[economic
power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_power)and.
[international political influence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere_of_influence).
[[154]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-171)Cold War and social revolution (1945–1991)
The end of [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II) in 1945 left the U.S. and the Soviet Union as
[superpowers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpower), each with its own political, military, and economic [sphere of
influence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere_of_influence). Geopolitical tensions between the two superpowers soon
led to the [Cold War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War).[[155]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-
Blakemore-20192-172)[[156]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-173) [157] The U.S. utilized the policy of.
[containment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Containment)to limit the USSR's sphere of influence, engaged in.
[regime change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change#1945–1991:_Cold_War)against
governments perceived to be aligned with Moscow, and prevailed in the.
[Space Race](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Race), which culminated with the.
[first crewed Moon landing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11)in 1969.
[[158]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-175)
[[159]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Proxy2-176)Domestically, the U.S. [experienced economic
growth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion),
[urbanization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization_in_the_United_States), and [population growth following World
War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-20th_century_baby_boom). [160] The.
[civil rights movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement)emerged, with.
[Martin Luther King Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr.)becoming a prominent leader in the early
1960s.
The.
[[161]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-178)[Great Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Society)plan of
President.
[Lyndon B. Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson)'s administration resulted in groundbreaking and
broad-reaching laws, policies and.
[a constitutional amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution)to
counteract some of the worst effects of lingering.
[institutional racism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_racism).
[[162]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-179)The [counterculture
movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s) in the U.S. brought significant social changes,
including the liberalization of attitudes toward [recreational drug
use](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_drug_use) and
[sexuality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_revolution).[[163]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-180) [164] It
also encouraged.
[open defiance of the military draft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_evasion_in_the_Vietnam_War)(leading to the.
[end of conscription](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States)in 1973)
and.
[[165]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-182)[wide
opposition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War)to.
[U.S. intervention in Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_in_the_Vietnam_War), with the U.S. totally
withdrawing in 1975.
[[166]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-183)[A societal shift in the roles of
women](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_the_United_States)was significantly responsible
for the large increase in female paid labor participation during the 1970s, and by 1985 the majority of American women
aged 16 and older were employed.
[[167]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-184)The [Fall of
Communism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989) and the [dissolution of the Soviet
Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union) from 1989 to 1991 marked the [end of the Cold
War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_the_Cold_War) and [left the United States as the world's sole
superpower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpower#After_the_Cold_War).[[168]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-
Gaidar2-185)[[169]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-186)[[170]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-187) [171] This
cemented the United States' global influence, reinforcing the concept of the "
[American Century](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Century)" as the U.S. dominated international political,
cultural, economic, and military affairs.
[[172]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-189)
[[173]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-190)Contemporary (1991–present)
The 1990s saw the [longest recorded economic expansion in American
history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990s_United_States_boom), a dramatic [decline in U.S. crime
rates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States#Crime_over_time), and [advances in
technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States#Computers_and_information_networks).
Throughout this decade, technological innovations such as the [World Wide
Web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web), the evolution of the
[Pentium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_(original)) microprocessor in accordance with [Moore's
law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law), rechargeable [lithium-ion
batteries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery), the first [gene
therapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy) trial, and [cloning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning) either
emerged in the U.S. or were improved upon there. The [Human Genome
Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project) was formally launched in 1990, while
[Nasdaq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasdaq) became the first stock market in the United States to trade online in
1998.[[174]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-191)
In the [Gulf War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War) of 1991, [an American-led international coalition of
states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War) expelled an
[Iraqi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq) invasion force that had occupied neighboring
[Kuwait](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait). [175] The.
[September 11 attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks)on the United States in 2001 by the.
[pan-Islamist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Islamism)militant organization.
[al-Qaeda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda)led to the.
[war on terror](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_terror)and subsequent.
[military interventions in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021))and.
[in Iraq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War).
[[176]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-193)
[[177]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-194)The [U.S. housing
bubble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000s_United_States_housing_bubble) culminated in 2007 with the [Great
Recession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession), the largest economic contraction since the Great Depression.
[178] In the 2010s and early 2020s, the United States has experienced increased.
[political polarization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_polarization_in_the_United_States)and.
[democratic backsliding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_backsliding_in_the_United_States).
[[179]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-196)
[[180]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-197)
[[181]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-198)The country's polarization was violently reflected in the.
[[182]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-199)[January 2021 Capitol
attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack),
when a mob of insurrectionists.
[[183]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Kleinfeld-2023-200)entered the.
[[184]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Pape-2022-201)[U.S.
Capitol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol)and sought to prevent the peaceful transfer of power.
in an.
[[185]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-202)[attempted self-coup d'état](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-
coup#Notable_events_described_as_attempted_self-coups).
[[186]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Multiple_Sources-203)Geography.
The United States is the world's [third-largest
country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area) by total area behind Russia and
Canada. [c] The 48.
[contiguous states and the District of Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contiguous_United_States)have a combined
area of 3,119,885 square miles (8,080,470 km.
2).
[[12]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-CensusGov2010HTML-14)In 2021, the United States had 8% of the Earth's
permanent meadows and pastures and 10% of its cropland.
[[187]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-204)
[[188]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations-2023-205)Starting in
the east, [the coastal plain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Plain) of the
[Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean) seaboard gives way to inland forests and rolling hills in the
[Piedmont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)) plateau region. [189] The.
[Appalachian Mountains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains)and the.
[Adirondack Massif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_Mountains)separate the.
[East Coast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States)from the.
[Great Lakes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes)and the grasslands of.
[the Midwest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_States).
The.
[[190]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-NAU-207)[Mississippi River
System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River_System), the world's.
[fourth-longest river system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_by_length), runs predominantly north–south
through the center of the country. The flat and fertile.
[prairie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie)of the.
[Great Plains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains)stretches to the west, interrupted by.
[a highland region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Interior_Highlands)in the southeast.
[[190]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-NAU-207)The [Rocky Mountains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains),
west of the Great Plains, extend north to south across the country, peaking at over 14,000 feet (4,300 m) in
[Colorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado). [191] The.
[supervolcano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervolcano)underlying.
[Yellowstone National Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park)in the Rocky Mountains, the.
[Yellowstone Caldera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_Caldera), is the continent's largest volcanic feature.
Farther west are the rocky.
[[192]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-209)[Great Basin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Basin)and the.
[Chihuahuan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chihuahuan_Desert),
[Sonoran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoran_Desert), and.
[Mojave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojave_Desert)deserts.
In the northwest corner of.
[[193]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-210)[Arizona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona), carved by the.
[Colorado River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River), is the.
[Grand Canyon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon), a steep-sided canyon and popular tourist destination.
known for its overwhelming visual size and intricate, colorful landscape. The.
[[194]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-211)[Cascade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade_Range)and.
[Sierra Nevada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada)mountain ranges run close to the.
[Pacific coast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States). The.
[lowest and highest points in the contiguous United
States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_United_States)are in the State of California,
about 84 miles (135 km) apart.
[[195]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-212)
[[196]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-213)At an elevation of 20,310 feet (6,190.5 m), Alaska's
[Denali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali) (also called Mount McKinley) is the highest peak in the country and on
the continent. [197] Active.
[volcanoes in the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_United_States)are common throughout
Alaska's.
[Alexander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Archipelago)and.
[Aleutian Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleutian_Islands). Located entirely outside North America, the
archipelago of Hawaii consists of volcanic islands,
[physiographically](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_geography)and.
[ethnologically](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnology)part of the.
[Polynesian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesia)subregion of.
[Oceania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania).
[[198]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-215)Climate.
With its large size and geographic variety, the United States includes most climate types. East of the [100th
meridian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100th_meridian_west), the climate ranges from [humid
continental](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate) in the north to [humid
subtropical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate) in the south. [199] The western Great Plains are.
[semi-arid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-arid_climate).
Many mountainous areas of the American West have an.
[[200]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-217)[alpine climate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_climate). The
climate is.
[arid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_climate)in the Southwest,
[Mediterranean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate)in.
[coastal California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_California), and.
[oceanic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_climate)in coastal.
[Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon),
[Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)), and southern.
[Alaska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska). Most of Alaska is.
[subarctic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarctic_climate)or.
[polar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_climate).
[Hawaii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii), the.
[southern tip of Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Florida)and U.S. territories in the.
[Caribbean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean)and.
[Pacific](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean)are.
[tropical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_climate).
[[201]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-218)The United States receives more high-impact [extreme
weather](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_weather) incidents than any other
country.[[202]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-219) [203] States bordering the.
[Gulf of Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico)are prone to hurricanes, and most of the world's
tornadoes.
[occur in the country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornadoes_in_the_United_States), mainly in.
[Tornado Alley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_Alley).
Due to.
[[204]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-221)[climate change in the
country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States), extreme weather has become more frequent in
the U.S. in the 21st century, with three times the number of reported.
[heat waves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_waves)compared to the 1960s.
[[205]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-222)
[[206]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-223)Since the 1990s, droughts in the.
[[207]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-224)[American
Southwest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_United_States)have become more persistent and more severe.
The regions considered as the most attractive to the population are the most vulnerable.
[[208]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-225)
[[209]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-226)Biodiversity and conservation.
The U.S. is one of 17 [megadiverse countries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megadiverse_countries) containing large
numbers of [endemic species](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_endangered_animals_of_North_America): about 17,000
species of [vascular plants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_plant) occur in the contiguous United States and
Alaska, and over 1,800 species of [flowering plants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant) are found in Hawaii,
few of which occur on the mainland. [211] The United States is home to 428.
[mammal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal)species, 784 birds, 311 reptiles, 295.
[amphibians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian),
and around 91,000 insect species.
[[212]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Current_Results_#_of_native_species_in_the_US-229)
[[213]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-230)There are [63 national
parks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_United_States), and [hundreds of other federally
managed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_lands) monuments, forests, and [wilderness
areas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wilderness_Preservation_System), administered by the [National Park
Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service) and other agencies. [214] About 28% of the country's land
is publicly owned and federally managed,
primarily in the.
[[215]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-NYTimes_Federal_Land-232)[Western
States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_United_States).
[[216]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-AKLeg_CRS_Federal_Land-233)[Most of this land is
protected](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_United_States), though some is leased for commercial
use, and less than one percent is used for military purposes.
[[217]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Federal_Land_Ownership-234)
[[218]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Fed_Land_Uses-235)[Environmental issues in the United
States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States) include debates on [non-renewable
resources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_resource) and [nuclear
energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_debate), [air and water
pollution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution_prevention_in_the_US),
[biodiversity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity), logging and
[deforestation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_United_States),[[219]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-236)
[220] and.
[climate change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States).
[[221]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-238)The.
[[222]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-239)[U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency)(EPA) is the federal agency charged
with.
[addressing most environmental-related issues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_United_States).
The.
[[223]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Collin2006-240)[idea of
wilderness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wilderness_Preservation_System)has shaped the management of public
lands since 1964, with the.
[Wilderness Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Act).
The.
[[224]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-241)[Endangered Species Act of
1973](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973)provides a way to protect threatened and endangered
species and their habitats. The.
[United States Fish and Wildlife
Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service)implements and enforces the Act.
In 2024, the U.S. ranked 35th among 180 countries in the.
[[225]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Office-242)[Environmental Performance
Index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Performance_Index).
[[226]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-243)Government and politics.
The United States is a [federal republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_republic) of 50
[states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state) and a federal capital district, [Washington,
D.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.) The U.S. asserts sovereignty over five [unincorporated
territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States) and [several uninhabited island
possessions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands).[[19]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-
HRI-2012-28) [227] It is the world's oldest surviving federation,
and its.
[[228]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-245)[presidential
system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_system)of national government has been adopted, in whole or in part,
by many newly independent states worldwide following their.
[decolonization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decolonization).
The.
[[229]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-246)[Constitution of the United
States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States)serves as.
[the country's supreme legal document](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supremacy_Clause).
Most scholars describe the United States as a.
[[230]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-247)[liberal democracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_democracy).
[[231]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Scheb-248)
[[r]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-260)National government.
Composed of three branches, all headquartered in Washington, D.C., the federal government is the national government of
the United States. The [U.S. Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Constitution) establishes a [separation of
powers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers) intended to provide a system of [checks and
balances](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checks_and_balances) to prevent any of the three branches from becoming
supreme.[[243]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-261)
- The.
[U.S. Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress)is a[bicameral
legislature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameral_legislature)made up of
the[Senate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate)and the[House of
Representatives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives). The Senate has 100 members—two
residents from each state and elected by that state's voters for a six-year term. The House of Representatives has 435
members, elected for a two-year term by the constituency of the[congressional
district](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts)where they reside. A state's
legislature decides the district boundaries, which are contiguous within the state. Every U.S. congressional district is
of equivalent population and sends one representative to Congress.Election years for senators are staggered so that only
one-third of them will be up for election every two years.[[244]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-262)U.S.
representatives are all up for election at the same time every two years. The U.S. Congress
makes[[245]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-263)[federal law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_law),[declares
war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_war), approves treaties, has the[power of the
purse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_of_the_purse),and has[[246]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-264)[the
power of impeachment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_in_the_United_States).One of its foremost non-
legislative functions is[[247]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-265)[the power to
investigate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_investigation)and oversee the executive
branch.[[248]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-tws2010Sep11t11-266)[Congressional
oversight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_oversight)is usually delegated to committees and is facilitated
by[Congress's power to issue subpoenas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contempt_of_Congress).Much of the work of Congress
is performed by[[249]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-tws2010Sep11t13-267)[a collection of
committees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_congressional_committee), each appointed for a specific purpose
or function. Committee membership is by tradition and statute[bipartisan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipartisan).
- The U.S. president is the.
[head of state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state),[commander-in-
chief](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-chief)of the military, chief executive of the federal government, and
has the ability to veto[legislative bills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_(law))from the U.S. Congress before they
become law. However,[presidential vetoes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto_power_in_the_United_States)can be
overridden by a two-
thirds[supermajority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermajority#Use_in_governments_around_the_world)vote in both
chambers of Congress. The president appoints the[members of the
Cabinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States), subject to Senate approval, and names other
officials who administer and enforce federal law and policy through[their respective
agencies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_agencies_in_the_United_States).The president also has clemency
power for federal crimes and[[250]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-268)[can issue
pardons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_pardons_in_the_United_States). Finally, the president has the right to
issue expansive "[executive orders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_orders)", subject to[judicial
review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_review_in_the_United_States), in a number of policy areas. Candidates for
president campaign with a vice-presidential[running mate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_mate). Both candidates
are elected together, or defeated together, in a presidential election. Unlike other votes in American politics, this is
technically an[indirect election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_election)in which the winner will be determined
by the[U.S. Electoral College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College). There, votes are
officially cast by individual electors selected by[their state
legislature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)).In practice, however, each of the 50
states chooses a group of presidential electors who are required by state law to confirm the winner of their state's
popular vote. Each state is allocated two electors plus one additional elector for each congressional district in the
state, which in effect combines to equal the number of elected officials that state sends to Congress. The District of
Columbia, with no representatives or senators, is allocated three electoral votes. Both the president and the vice
president serve a four-year term, and the president may be[[251]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-269)[reelected to
the office only once](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution), for one
additional four-year term.[[s]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-270) - The.
[U.S. federal judiciary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States), whose judges are all
appointed for life by the president with Senate approval, consists primarily of the[U.S. Supreme
Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States), the[U.S. courts of
appeals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals), and the[U.S. district
courts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_district_court). The lowest level in the federal judiciary is
the[federal district court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_district_court), which decides all cases considered to
be under "[original jurisdiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_jurisdiction#Federal_and_state_courts)", such
as federal statutes, constitutional law, or[international
treaties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_treaties). After a federal district court has decided a case, its
decision may be contested and sent to a higher court,[a federal court of
appeals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellate_court). The U.S. judicial system's 12[federal
circuits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Courts_of_Appeals)divide the country into separate administrative
regions for appeals decisions. The next and highest court in the system is the Supreme Court of the United States.The
U.S. Supreme Court interprets laws and[[252]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-FedJud-271)[overturns those it finds
unconstitutional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_review).On average, the Supreme Court receives about 7,000
appeals petitions for[[252]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-FedJud-271)[writs of
certiorari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writs_of_certiorari)each year, but only grants about 80.Consisting of nine
members led by the[[253]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-272)[Chief Justice of the United
States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States), the court judges each case before it by
majority decision. As with all other federal judges, the members are appointed for life by the sitting president with
Senate approval when a vacancy becomes available.[[254]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-273)
The three-branch system is known as the [presidential system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_system), in
contrast to the [parliamentary system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_system) where the executive is part
of the legislative body. Many countries around the world adopted this aspect of the 1789 Constitution of the United
States, especially in the [postcolonial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcolonialism)
Americas.[[255]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Sundquist-274)
Subdivisions.
In the [U.S. federal system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States), sovereign powers are shared
between three levels of government specified in the Constitution: the national government, the states, and Indian
tribes.[[256]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-3Sovereigns-275) [257] The U.S. also asserts sovereignty over five
permanently inhabited territories:
[American Samoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa),
[Guam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam), the.
[Northern Mariana Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands),
[Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico), and the.
[U.S. Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands).
[[19]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-HRI-2012-28)Residents of the 50 states are governed by their elected state
government, under [state constitutions compatible with the national
constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States), and by elected [local
governments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States) that are administrative divisions of a
state. [258] States are subdivided into counties or county equivalents, and (except for Hawaii)
[further divided into municipalities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States), each
administered by elected representatives. The District of Columbia is.
[a federal district](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_district_of_the_United_States)containing the U.S. capital,
[Washington, D.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.)
The federal district is an administrative division of the federal government.
[[259]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-278)
[[260]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-279)Indian country is made up of 574 [federally recognized
tribes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribe) and [326 Indian
reservations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States). They hold a government-
to-government relationship with the U.S. federal government in Washington and are legally defined as [domestic dependent
nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_dependent_nations) with [inherent tribal sovereignty
rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States).[[257]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-
FelixSCohen-276)[[256]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-3Sovereigns-275)[[261]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-280)[[262]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-
www.justice.gov-2017-281)
In addition to the five major territories, the U.S. also asserts sovereignty over the [United States Minor Outlying
Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands) in the [Pacific
Ocean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean) and the [Caribbean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean). [19]
The seven undisputed islands without permanent populations are.
[Baker Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_Island),
[Howland Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howland_Island),
[Jarvis Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarvis_Island),
[Johnston Atoll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnston_Atoll),
[Kingman Reef](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingman_Reef),
[Midway Atoll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway_Atoll), and.
[Palmyra Atoll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll). U.S. sovereignty over the unpopulated.
[Bajo Nuevo Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajo_Nuevo_Bank),
[Navassa Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navassa_Island),
[Serranilla Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serranilla_Bank), and.
[Wake Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_Island)is disputed.
[[19]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-HRI-2012-28)Political parties.
The Constitution is silent on political parties. However, they developed independently in the 18th century with the
[Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party) and [Anti-Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-
Federalist_Party) parties. [263] Since then, the United States has operated as a.
de facto.
[two-party system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-party_system), though the parties have changed over time.
Since the mid-19th century, the two main national parties have been the.
[[264]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Blake-2021-283)[Democratic
Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States))and the.
[Republican Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)). The former is perceived as.
[relatively liberal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States)in.
[its political platform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_positions_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States))while
the latter is perceived as.
[relatively conservative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States)in.
[its platform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_positions_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)).
[[265]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-284)Foreign relations.
The United States has an established structure of foreign relations, with the world's [second-largest diplomatic
corps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_diplomatic_missions) as of 2024 [update]. It is a.
[permanent member of the United Nations Security
Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council)
and home to the.
[[266]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-285)[United Nations
headquarters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations).
The United States is a member of the.
[[267]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-286)[G7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G7),
[[268]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-287)[G20](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G20),
and.
[[269]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-288)[OECD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD)intergovernmental
organizations.
[[270]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-289)[Almost all countries have
embassies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_the_United_States)and many have.
[consulates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consul_(representative))(official representatives) in the country. Likewise,
nearly all countries host formal.
[diplomatic missions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_mission)with the United States, except.
[Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations),
[[271]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-290)[North
Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_relations),
and.
[[272]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-291)[Bhutan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bhutan#Other_countries).
Though.
[[273]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-292)[Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan%E2%80%93United_States_relations)does
not have formal diplomatic relations with the U.S., it maintains close unofficial relations.
The United States regularly.
[[274]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-293)[supplies Taiwan with military
equipment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Assurances)to deter potential Chinese aggression.
Its geopolitical attention also turned to the.
[[275]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-294)[Indo-Pacific](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pacific)when the United
States joined the.
[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrilateral_Security_Dialogue)with Australia, India,
and Japan.
[[276]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-kobara-295)The United States has a "[Special
Relationship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Relationship)" [with the United
Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_relations) [277] and strong ties.
[with Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations),
[[278]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-297)[Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93United_States_relations),
[[279]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-298)[New
Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93United_States_relations),
[[280]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-299)[the
Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations),
[[281]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-300)[Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations),
[[282]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-301)[South
Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_relations),
[[283]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-302)[Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_relations),
and several.
[[284]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-303)[European Union
countries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union)such as.
[France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France%E2%80%93United_States_relations),
[Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93United_States_relations),
[Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations),
[Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain%E2%80%93United_States_relations), and.
[Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93United_States_relations).
The U.S. works closely with its.
[[285]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-304)[NATO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO)allies on military and.
[national security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_security)issues, and with countries in the Americas through
the.
[Organization of American States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_American_States)and the.
[United States–Mexico–Canada Free Trade
Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement). In South America,
[Colombia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia)is traditionally considered to be the closest ally of the United
States.
The U.S. exercises full international defense authority and responsibility for.
[[286]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-305)[Micronesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia),
the.
[Marshall Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands), and.
[Palau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau)through the.
[Compact of Free Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_of_Free_Association).
It has increasingly conducted strategic cooperation.
[[252]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-FedJud-271)[with
India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_States_relations),
while.
[[287]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-306)[its ties with
China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations)have steadily deteriorated.
[[288]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-307)
[[289]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-308)Beginning in 2014, the U.S. had become [a key ally of
Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93United_States_relations).[[290]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-309)
[291] After.
[Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump)was elected U.S. president in 2024, he sought to negotiate an
end to the.
[Russo-Ukrainian War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War). He paused all military aid to Ukraine in March
2025,
although the aid resumed later.
[[292]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-311)Trump also ended U.S. intelligence sharing with the country,
[[293]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-312)but this too was eventually restored.
[[294]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-:5-313)
[[295]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-314)Military.
The president is the [commander-in-chief](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_United_States) of the
United States Armed Forces and appoints its leaders, the [secretary of
defense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense) and the [Joint Chiefs of
Staff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff). The [Department of
Defense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense), which is headquartered at [the
Pentagon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon) near Washington, D.C., administers five of the six service
branches, which are made up of the [U.S. Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army), [Marine
Corps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps),
[Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy), [Air
Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force), and [Space
Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Space_Force). [296] The.
[Coast Guard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard)is administered by the.
[Department of Homeland Security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security)in
peacetime and can be transferred to the.
[Department of the Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy)in wartime.
[[297]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-316)The United States [spent $997 billion on its
military](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_budget_of_the_United_States) in 2024, which is by far the [largest
amount of any country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_with_highest_military_expenditures), making up
37% of global military spending and accounting for 3.4% of the country's GDP. The.
[[298]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-SIPRI-20202-317)
[U.S. possesses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_of_the_United_States)42% of the world's nuclear
weapons—the second-largest stockpile after.
[that of Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction).
The U.S. military is widely regarded as the most powerful and advanced in the world.
[[299]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute-2024-318)
[[300]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-319)
[[301]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-320)The United States has the [third-largest combined armed
forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_military_and_paramilitary_personnel) in the world,
behind the [Chinese People's Liberation Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army) and [Indian
Armed Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces). [302] The U.S. military operates about 800 bases and
facilities abroad,
and maintains.
[[303]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-322)[deployments greater than 100 active duty
personnel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_military_deployments)in 25 foreign countries.
The United States has engaged in over 400 military interventions since its founding in 1776, with over half of these
occurring between 1950 and 2019 and 25% occurring in the post-Cold War era.
[[304]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-323)
[[305]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-324)[State defense
forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_defense_forces) (SDFs) are military units that operate under the sole
authority of a state government. SDFs are authorized by state and federal law but are under the command of [the state's
governor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_(United_States)).[[306]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-325)[[307]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-326)
[308]
By contrast, a state's.
[National Guard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States))units are under the dual control of.
[state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States)and.
[federal governments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States); such units can also become
federalized entities, but SDFs cannot be federalized.
A state's National Guard personnel can be federalized by the.
[[309]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-328)[president](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States)under
the.
[National Defense Act Amendments of
1933](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Act_of_1916#National_Defense_Act_Amendments_of_1933), which created
the Guard and provides for the integration of.
[Army National Guard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_National_Guard)&
[Air National Guard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_National_Guard)units and personnel into the U.S. Army and (since
1947) the U.S. Air Force.
[[310]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-329)Law enforcement and criminal justice.
There are about 18,000 U.S. police agencies from local to national level in the United States. [311] Law in the United
States is mainly enforced by local police departments and.
[sheriff departments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States)in their municipal or county
jurisdictions.
[The state police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_police_(United_States))departments.
[have authority in their respective
state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_power_(United_States_constitutional_law)), and.
[federal agencies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States)such as the.
[Federal Bureau of Investigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation)(FBI) and the.
[U.S. Marshals Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service)have national jurisdiction and
specialized duties, such as protecting.
[civil rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights),
[national security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States), enforcing.
[U.S. federal courts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._federal_courts)' rulings and federal laws, and interstate
criminal activity.
[[312]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-331)[State
courts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_court_(United_States))conduct almost all civil and criminal trials,
while federal courts.
[[313]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-332)[adjudicate the much smaller number of civil and criminal cases that
relate to federal law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject-matter_jurisdiction).
[[314]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-333)There is no unified "criminal justice system" in the United States. The
[American prison system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States) is largely heterogenous, with
thousands of relatively independent systems operating across federal, state, local, and tribal levels. In 2025, "these
systems hold [nearly 2 million people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States) in 1,566 state
prisons, 98 federal prisons, 3,116 local jails, 1,277 juvenile correctional facilities, 133 immigration detention
facilities, and 80 Indian country jails, as well as in military prisons, civil commitment centers, state psychiatric
hospitals, and prisons in the U.S. territories."[[315]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Sawyer-2025-334)
Despite disparate systems of confinement, four main institutions dominate: [federal
prisons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_prisons), [state
prisons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_United_States_state_prisons), local jails, and [juvenile correctional
facilities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_juvenile_justice_system). [316] Federal prisons are run by the.
[Federal Bureau of Prisons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Prisons)and hold pretrial detainees as well
as people who have been convicted of federal crimes.
State prisons, run by the department of corrections of each state, hold people sentenced and serving prison time
(usually longer than one year) for felony offenses.
[[316]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-National_Academies_Press-2014-335)Local jails are county or municipal
facilities that incarcerate defendants prior to trial; they also hold those serving short sentences (typically under a
year).
[[316]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-National_Academies_Press-2014-335)Juvenile correctional facilities are
operated by local or state governments and serve as longer-term placements for any.
[[316]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-National_Academies_Press-2014-335)[minor adjudicated as
delinquent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenile_delinquency)and ordered by a judge to be confined.
[[317]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-336)In January 2023, the United States had the [sixth-highest per capita
incarceration rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_incarceration_rate) in the world—531 people per
100,000 inhabitants—and the largest prison and jail population in the world, with more than 1.9 million people
incarcerated.[[315]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Sawyer-2025-334)[[318]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-337)
[319] An analysis of the.
[World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization)Mortality Database from 2010 showed
U.S. homicide rates "were 7 times higher than in other high-income countries, driven by.
[a gun homicide rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_deaths_in_the_United_States)that was 25 times higher".
[[320]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-339)Economy.
The U.S. has a highly developed [mixed economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_economy) [321] that has been the
world's largest nominally.
[since about 1890](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_largest_historical_GDP).
Its 2024.
[[322]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-341)[gross domestic
product](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product)(GDP)
of more than $29 trillion.
[[e]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-PPP-20)constituted over 25% of nominal.
[[323]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-342)[global economic
output](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_world_product), or 15% at.
[purchasing power parity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity)(PPP). From 1983 to 2008, U.S. real
compounded annual GDP growth was 3.3%, compared to a 2.3% weighted average for the rest of the.
[G7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G7).
The country ranks.
[[324]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Hagopian-343)[first in the world by nominal
GDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)),
[[325]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-344)[second when adjusted for purchasing power
parities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP))(PPP),
and.
[[15]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-IMFWEO.US-19)[ninth by PPP-adjusted GDP per
capita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita).
In February 2024, the total.
[[15]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-IMFWEO.US-19)[U.S. federal government
debt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States)was $34.4 trillion.
[[326]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-345)Of the world's [500 largest companies by
revenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_Global_500), [136 were headquartered in the
U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_companies_in_the_United_States_by_revenue) in 2023, [327] which is
the highest number of any country.
The.
[[328]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-347)[U.S. dollar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar)is the
currency most used.
[in international transactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_use_of_the_U.S._dollar)and the world's
foremost.
[reserve currency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_currency), backed by the country's dominant economy,
[its military](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces), the.
[petrodollar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrodollar)system, its large.
[U.S. treasuries market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Treasury), and its linked.
[eurodollar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurodollar).
[[329]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-federalreserve.gov-348)[Several countries use it as their official
currency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar#Countries_that_use_US_dollar), and in others it is the.
[.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto_currency)
de factocurrency.
[[330]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Benjamin_J._Cohen_2006,_p._17-349)The U.S. has.
[[331]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-350)[free trade
agreements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade_agreements)with.
[several countries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_United_States), including the.
[USMCA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement).
Although the United States has reached a.
[[332]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-351)[post-industrial level of economic
development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-industrial_economy)
and is often described as having a.
[[333]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Collins-2023-352)[service
economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_economy),
[[333]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Collins-2023-352)it remains a major industrial power;
[[334]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Econ-353)in 2021, the.
[[335]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-354)[U.S. manufacturing
sector](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._manufacturing_sector)was the world's.
[second-largest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_manufacturing_output)after.
[China's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing_in_China).
[[336]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-355)[New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City) is the
world's principal [financial
center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_center),[[338]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-357) [339] and.
[its metropolitan area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area)is the world's.
[largest metropolitan economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_by_GDP).
The.
[[340]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-NYCEpicenterUSMetroEconomy-359)[New York Stock
Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange)and.
[Nasdaq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasdaq), both located in New York City, are the world's two.
[largest stock exchanges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges)by.
[market capitalization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_capitalization)and.
[trade volume](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_volume).
[[341]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-360)The United States is at the forefront of.
[[342]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-sfc.hk-361)[technological
advancement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States)and.
[innovation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation)in many economic fields, especially in.
[artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence);
[electronics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics)and.
[computers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer);
[pharmaceuticals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceuticals); and medical,
[aerospace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace)and.
[military equipment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_equipment).
The country's economy is fueled by abundant.
[[343]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-CIA-2018-362)[natural
resources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource), a well-developed.
[infrastructure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure_policy_of_the_United_States), and.
[high productivity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_labour_productivity).
The.
[[344]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Wright,_Gavin_2007_p._185-363)[largest trading partners of the United
States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_the_United_States)are the.
[European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union), Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, the United
Kingdom, Vietnam, India, and Taiwan.
The United States is the world's.
[[345]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-364)[largest
importer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_imports)and.
[second-largest exporter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_exports).
It is by far the world's.
[[t]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-367)[largest exporter of
services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_service_exports).
[[348]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-368)Americans have the highest average
[household](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_income) [349] and.
[employee income](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_average_wage)among OECD member states, and the
fourth-highest.
[median household income](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_income)in 2023,
up from sixth-highest in 2013.
[[350]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-370)With personal.
[[351]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Household_Income-371)[consumption
expenditures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_spending)of over $18.5 trillion in 2023,
the U.S. has a heavily.
[[352]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-372)[consumer-driven
economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_economy)and is the world's.
[largest consumer market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_consumer_markets).
The U.S.
[[353]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-373)[ranked first in the number of dollar
billionaires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_billionaires)and.
[millionaires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_millionaires)in 2023, with 735 billionaires
and nearly 22 million millionaires.
[[354]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-374)[Wealth in the United
States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_in_the_United_States) is highly concentrated; in 2011, the richest 10% of
the adult population owned 72% of the country's household wealth, while the bottom 50% owned just
2%.[[355]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-375)[U.S. wealth
inequality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_inequality_in_the_United_States) increased substantially since the late
1980s, [356] and.
[income inequality in the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States)reached a record
high in 2019.
In 2024, the country had some of the highest wealth and income inequality levels among.
[[357]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-377)[OECD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD)countries.
Since the 1970s, there has been a decoupling of U.S. wage gains from worker productivity.
[[358]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-378)In 2016, the top fifth of earners took home more than half of all income,
[[359]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Hopkin-379)giving the U.S. one of the widest income distributions among OECD
countries.
[[360]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-380)
[[361]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Sme-381)There were about 771,480.
[[359]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Hopkin-379)[homeless persons in the
U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States)in 2024.
In 2022, 6.4 million children experienced food insecurity.
[[362]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-382)
[[363]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-ers.usda.gov-383)[Feeding
America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feeding_America)estimates that around one in five, or approximately 13 million,
[children experience hunger in the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States#Children)and do not
know where or when they will get their next meal.
Also in 2022, about 37.9 million people, or 11.5% of the U.S. population, were.
[[364]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-FactsAbout-384)[living in
poverty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States).
[[365]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-385)The United States has a smaller [welfare
state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_state) and redistributes less income through government action than most
other [high-income countries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank_high-
income_economy).[[366]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-386) [367] It is the only.
[advanced economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_economy)that does not.
[guarantee its workers paid
vacation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statutory_minimum_employment_leave_by_country)nationally.
and one of a few countries in the world without federal.
[[368]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-388)[paid family
leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_leave_in_the_United_States)as a legal right.
The United States has a higher percentage of low-income.
[[369]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-389)[workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States)than
almost any other developed country, largely because of a weak.
[collective bargaining](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_bargaining)system and lack of government support for
at-risk workers.
[[370]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-390)Science and technology.
The United States [has been a leader in technological innovation since the late 19th
century](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States) and scientific
research since the mid-20th century. [371] Methods for producing.
[interchangeable parts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchangeable_parts)and the establishment of a.
[machine tool](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_tool)industry enabled.
[the large-scale manufacturing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_system_of_manufacturing)of U.S. consumer products
in the late 19th century.
By the early 20th century, factory.
[[372]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-392)[electrification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrification), the
introduction of the.
[assembly line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_line), and other.
[labor-saving techniques](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation)created the system of.
[mass production](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_production).
[[373]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-393)In the 21st century, the United States continues to be one of the world's
foremost scientific powers, [376] though China has emerged as a major competitor in many fields.
The U.S. has the.
[[377]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-397)[highest research and development expenditures of any
country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_research_and_development_spending)
and ranks ninth as a percentage of GDP.
[[378]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-398)In 2022, the United States was (after China) the country with the.
[[379]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-399)[second-highest number of published scientific
papers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_scientific_and_technical_journal_articles).
In 2021, the U.S. ranked second (also after China) by the number of patent applications, and third by trademark and
industrial design applications (after China and Germany), according to.
[[380]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-400)[World Intellectual Property
Indicators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Indicators).
In 2023.
[[381]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-401)and 2024,
[[382]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-402)the United States ranked third (after Switzerland and Sweden) in the.
[[383]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-403)[Global Innovation
Index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index). The United States is considered to be the leading country
in the development of.
[artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence)technology.
In 2023, the United States was ranked the second most technologically advanced country in the world (after South Korea)
by.
[[384]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-404)magazine.
[Global Finance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Finance_(magazine))
[[385]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-405)Spaceflight.
The United States has maintained a space program since the late 1950s, beginning with the establishment of the [National
Aeronautics and Space Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA) (NASA) in
1958.[[386]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-406) [387] NASA's.
[Apollo program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program)(1961–1972) achieved the first crewed.
[Moon landing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_landing)with the 1969.
[Apollo 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11)mission; it remains one of the agency's most significant milestones.
[[388]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-408)Other major endeavors by NASA include the.
[[389]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-409)[Space Shuttle
program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program)(1981–2011),
the.
[[390]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-410)[Voyager
program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_program)(1972–present), the.
[Hubble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope)and.
[James Webb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope)
[space telescopes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_telescope)(launched in 1990 and 2021, respectively),
[[391]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-411)and the multi-mission.
[[392]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-412)[Mars Exploration
Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program)(
and.
[Spirit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover),
[Opportunity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunity_(rover))and.
[Curiosity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)),).
[Perseverance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perseverance_(rover))NASA is one of five agencies collaborating on the.
[[393]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-413)[International Space
Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station)(ISS);
U.S. contributions to the ISS include several modules, including.
[[394]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-414)(2001),
[Destiny](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny_(ISS_module))(2007), and.
[Harmony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmony_(ISS_module))(2010), as well as ongoing logistical and operational
support.
[Tranquility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranquility_(ISS_module))
[[395]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-415)The United States [private
sector](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_sector) dominates the global [commercial spaceflight
industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_spaceflight). [396] Prominent American spaceflight contractors include.
[Blue Origin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Origin),
[Boeing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing),
[Lockheed Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin),
[Northrop Grumman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grumman), and.
[SpaceX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX). NASA programs such as the.
[Commercial Crew Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program),
[Commercial Resupply Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Resupply_Services),
[Commercial Lunar Payload Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services), and.
[NextSTEP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Space_Technologies_for_Exploration_Partnerships)have facilitated growing
private-sector involvement in American spaceflight.
[[397]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-417)Energy.
In 2023, the United States received approximately 84% of its energy from fossil fuel, and its largest source of energy
was [petroleum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_in_the_United_States) (38%), followed by [natural
gas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_in_the_United_States) (36%), [renewable
sources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_States) (9%),
[coal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_in_the_United_States) (9%), and [nuclear
power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States)
(9%).[[398]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-418) [399] In 2022, the United States constituted about 4% of the.
[world's population](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population), but consumed around 16% of the.
[world's energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_energy_consumption).
The U.S. ranks as the.
[[400]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-420)[second-highest emitter of greenhouse
gases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_greenhouse_gas_emissions)behind China.
[[401]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-421)The U.S. is the world's [largest producer of nuclear
power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_by_country), generating around 30% of the world's nuclear
electricity. [402] It also has the highest number of nuclear power reactors of any country.
From 2024, the U.S. plans to triple its nuclear power capacity by 2050.
[[403]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-423)
[[404]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-424)Transportation.
The 4 million miles (6.4 million kilometers) road network, owned almost entirely by state and local governments, is the
[longest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_road_network_size) in the
world.[[405]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-425) [406] The extensive.
[Interstate Highway System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System)that connects all major cities is
funded mostly by the federal government but maintained by.
[state departments of
transportation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_insular_area_departments_of_transportation),
supplemented by state expressways and some private.
[toll roads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_road).
The U.S. is among the top ten countries with the [highest vehicle ownership per
capita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_vehicles_per_capita) (850 vehicles per 1,000 people) in 2022.
A 2022 study found that 76% of U.S. commuters drive alone and 14% ride a bicycle, including bike owners and users of
[bike-sharing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bike-sharing) networks. About 11% use some form of public
transportation.[[407]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-427)[[408]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-428)
[Public transportation in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States)
is well developed in the largest urban areas, notably New York City, Washington, D.C., Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago,
and San Francisco; otherwise, coverage is generally less extensive than in most other developed countries. The U.S. also
has many relatively [car-dependent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car-dependent)
localities.[[409]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-429)
Long-distance intercity travel is provided primarily by airlines, but travel by rail is more common along the [Northeast
Corridor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Corridor), the only [high-speed rail in the
U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_United_States) that meets international standards.
[Amtrak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak), the country's government-sponsored national passenger rail company, has
a relatively sparse network compared to that of Western European countries. Service is concentrated in the Northeast,
California, the Midwest, the Pacific Northwest, and Virginia/Southeast.
The United States has an extensive air transportation network. [U.S. civilian
airlines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_the_United_States) are all privately owned. The three
largest airlines in the world, by total number of passengers carried, are U.S.-based; [American
Airlines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines) became the global leader after its 2013 merger with [US
Airways](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Airways). [412] Of the 50 busiest airports in the world, 16 are in the United
States, as well as five of the top 10.
The world's busiest airport by passenger volume is.
[[413]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-PANYNJ_2021_report-433)[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta
International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartsfield%E2%80%93Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport)in.
[Atlanta, Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta).
[[410]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-BusyAirport-430)In 2022, most of the.
[[413]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-PANYNJ_2021_report-433)[19,969 U.S.
airports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_United_States)
were owned and operated by local government authorities, and there are also some private airports. Some 5,193 are
designated as "public use", including for.
[[414]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-434)[general aviation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_aviation). The.
[Transportation Security Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration)(TSA) has
provided security at most major airports since 2001.
[The country's rail transport network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_United_States), the
[longest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_rail_transport_network_size) in the world at 182,412.3 mi
(293,564.2 km), [415] handles mostly.
[freight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freight_transport)
[[416]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-436)(in contrast to more passenger-centered rail in Europe.
[[417]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-437)). Because they are often privately owned operations, U.S. railroads lag
behind those of the rest of the world in terms of electrification.
[[418]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-438)
[[419]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-439)[The country's inland
waterways](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_waterways_of_the_United_States) are the world's [fifth-
longest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_waterways_length), totaling 41,009 km (25,482 mi). [420]
They are used extensively for freight, recreation, and a small amount of passenger traffic. Of the world's.
[50 busiest container ports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_busiest_container_ports), four are located in the
United States, with the busiest in the U.S. being the.
[Port of Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Los_Angeles).
[[421]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-441)Demographics.
Population.
| State | Population (millions) |
|---|---|
|
[Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas)
[Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida)
[New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state))
[Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania)
[Illinois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois)
[Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio)
[Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state))
[North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina)
[Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan)
The [U.S. Census Bureau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau) reported 331,449,281 residents on
April 1, 2020,[[u]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-443) [423] making the United States the.
[third-most-populous country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population)in the
world, after China and India.
The Census Bureau's official 2024 population estimate was 340,110,988, an increase of 2.6% since the 2020 census.
[[343]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-CIA-2018-362)According to the Bureau's.
[[13]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Vintage2024-16)[U.S. Population
Clock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._and_World_Population_Clock), on July 1, 2024, the U.S. population had a net
gain of one person every 16 seconds, or about 5400 people per day.
In 2023, 51% of Americans age 15 and over were married, 6% were.
[[424]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-445)[widowed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widowed), 10% were divorced, and
34% had never been married.
In 2023, the.
[[425]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-446)[total fertility
rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_fertility_rate)for the U.S. stood at 1.6 children per woman,
and, at 23%, it had the world's highest rate of children living in.
[[426]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-447)[single-
parent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_parents_in_the_United_States)households in 2019.
[[427]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-448)The United States has a diverse population; 37 [ancestry
groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_ancestries) have more than one million
members.[[428]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-An2000-449)[White Americans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-
Hispanic_whites) with ancestry from Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa form the largest
[racial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(human_classification)) and [ethnic
group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group) at 57.8% of the United States
population.[[429]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-450)[[430]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-451)[Hispanic and
Latino Americans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans) form the second-largest group and are
18.7% of the United States population. [African Americans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans) constitute
the country's third-largest ancestry group and are 12.1% of the total U.S. population. [428] Asian Americans are the
country's fourth-largest group, composing 5.9% of the United States population. The country's 3.7 million Native
Americans account for about 1%,
and some 574 native tribes are recognized by the federal government.
[[428]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-An2000-449)In 2024, the.
[[431]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-452)[median age](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_age)of the United
States population was 39.1 years.
[[432]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-453)Language.
While many languages are spoken in the United States, [English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English) is by
far the most commonly spoken and written. [433] In 2025,
[Executive Order 14224](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_14224)declared English the.
[official language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_language)of the U.S., and federal agencies recognize English
as the official language under the order.
However, the U.S. has never had a.
[[4]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-EOWP-4)official language, as Congress has never passed a law to designate
English as official for all three federal branches. Some laws, such as.
[de jure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_jure)[U.S. naturalization
requirements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalized_citizen_of_the_United_States), nonetheless standardize English.
Twenty-eight states and the.
[United States Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands)have laws that designate
English as the sole official language; 19 states and the.
[District of Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia)have no official language.
Three states and four U.S. territories have recognized local or indigenous languages in addition to English: Hawaii (
[[434]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-455)[Hawaiian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language)),
Alaska (
[[435]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-456)[twenty Native
languages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Native_languages)),
[[v]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-457)South Dakota (
[[436]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-458)[Sioux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_language)),
American Samoa (
[[437]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-LakotaCommon-459)[Samoan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoan_language)),
Puerto Rico (
[Spanish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States)), Guam (
[Chamorro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamorro_language)), and the Northern Mariana Islands (
[Carolinian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolinian_language)and Chamorro). In total, 169 Native American languages
are spoken in the United States.
In Puerto Rico, Spanish is more widely spoken than English.
[[438]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-460)
[[439]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-PuertoRicoTranslation-461)According to the [American Community
Survey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Community_Survey) (2020), [440] some 245.4 million people in the U.S. age
five and older spoke only English at home. About 41.2 million spoke Spanish at home, making it the second most commonly
used language. Other languages spoken at home by one million people or more include.
[Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language_in_the_United_States)(3.40 million),
[Tagalog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language_in_the_United_States)(1.71 million),
[Vietnamese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language_in_the_United_States)(1.52 million),
[Arabic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language_in_the_United_States)(1.39 million),
[French](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language_in_the_United_States)(1.18 million),
[Korean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language_in_the_United_States)(1.07 million), and.
[Russian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language_in_the_United_States)(1.04 million).
[German](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language_in_the_United_States), spoken by 1 million people at home in
2010, fell to 857,000 total speakers in 2020.
[[441]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-463)Immigration.
America's immigrant population is by far the world's [largest in absolute
terms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_immigrant_population).[[442]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-
UNdef-464) [443] In 2022, there were 87.7 million immigrants and.
[U.S.-born children of immigrants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-generation_immigrants_in_the_United_States)in
the United States, accounting for nearly 27% of the overall U.S. population.
In 2017, out of the U.S. foreign-born population, some 45% (20.7 million) were naturalized citizens, 27% (12.3 million)
were lawful permanent residents, 6% (2.2 million) were temporary lawful residents, and 23% (10.5 million) were.
[[444]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-466)[unauthorized
immigrants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undocumented_immigrant_population_of_the_United_States).
In 2019, the top countries of origin for immigrants were Mexico (24% of immigrants), India (6%), China (5%), the
Philippines (4.5%), and El Salvador (3%).
[[445]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-KeyFindings-467)In fiscal year 2022, over one million immigrants (most of
whom entered through.
[[446]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-468)[family
reunification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_migration#Legislation)) were granted.
[legal residence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_residence_(United_States)).
In fiscal year 2024 alone, according to the.
[[447]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-469)[Migration Policy
Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_Policy_Institute), the United States resettled 100,034 refugees,
which "re-cements the United States' role as the top global resettlement destination, far surpassing other major
resettlement countries in Europe and Canada".
[[448]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-470)Religion.
[Protestantism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States)(33.0%)[Catholicism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States)(22.0%)[Non-
specific
Christian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_States)(11.0%)[Judaism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism_in_the_United_States)(2.00%)[Mormonism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormonism_in_the_United_States)(1.00%)-
Other religion (6.00%)
[Unaffiliated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_States)(22.0%)- Unanswered (3.00%)
The [First Amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution) guarantees the
[free exercise of religion in the country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Exercise_Clause) and forbids Congress from
passing laws respecting [its
establishment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Establishment_Clause).[[449]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-
Donadio-2021-471) [450] Religious practice is widespread, among the.
[most diverse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_ethnic_and_cultural_diversity_level)in the world,
and profoundly vibrant.
[[451]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-alesina1-473) [452] The country has the world's.
[largest Christian population](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_by_country), which includes the.
[fourth-largest population of Catholics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country).
Other notable faiths include.
[[453]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Global_Christianity-475)[Judaism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism),
[Buddhism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism),
[Hinduism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism),
[Islam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam),
[New Age](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Age), and.
[Native American religions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_religions).
Religious practice varies significantly by region.
[[454]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-476)"
[[455]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Williams-2023-477)[Ceremonial
deism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_deism)" is common in American culture.
[[456]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-478)The overwhelming majority of
[Americans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans) believe in a [higher
power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Power) or spiritual force, engage in [spiritual
practices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_practice) such as prayer, and consider themselves religious or
[spiritual](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirituality).[[457]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Kallo-2023-479) [458]
In the Southern United States' "
[Bible Belt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_Belt)",
[evangelical Protestantism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelicalism)plays a significant role culturally;
[New England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England)and the Western United States.
[tend to be more secular](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unchurched_Belt).
[[455]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Williams-2023-477)
[[459]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-481)[Mormonism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormonism), a.
[Restorationist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restorationism)movement founded in the U.S. in 1847,
is the predominant religion in Utah and a major religion in Idaho.
[[460]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2008727–728-482)Urbanization.
About 82% of Americans live in [urban areas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_urban_area), including suburbs;
[343] about half of those reside in cities with populations over 50,000.
In 2022, 333.
[[461]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-483)[incorporated
municipalities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population)had populations over 100,000,
nine cities had more than one million residents, and four cities—.
[New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City),
[Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles),
[Chicago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago), and.
[Houston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston)—had populations exceeding two million.
Many U.S. metropolitan populations are growing rapidly, particularly in the South and West.
[[462]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-484)
[[463]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-485)Largest metropolitan areas in the United States.
| |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
[Name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_United_States)
[Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States)
[Pop.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_United_States_by_population)
[Rank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_United_States_by_population)
[Name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_United_States)
[Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States)
[Pop.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_United_States_by_population)
[New
York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area)[Northeast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_United_States)[Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Boston)[Northeast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_United_States)[Los
Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_metropolitan_area)[West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_United_States)[Riverside–San
Bernardino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_Empire)[West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_United_States)[Chicago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area)[Midwest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_States)[San
Francisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area)[West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_United_States)[Dallas–Fort
Worth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex)[South](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States)[Detroit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Detroit)[Midwest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_States)[Houston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Houston)[South](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States)[Seattle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_metropolitan_area)[West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_United_States)[Miami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_metropolitan_area)[South](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States)[Minneapolis–Saint
Paul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul)[Midwest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_States)[Washington,
D.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_metropolitan_area)[South](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States)[Tampa–St.
Petersburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_area)[South](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States)[Atlanta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_metropolitan_area)[South](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States)[San
Diego](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California)[West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_United_States)[Philadelphia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_metropolitan_area)[Northeast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_United_States)[Denver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_metropolitan_area)[West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_United_States)[Phoenix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_metropolitan_area)[West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_United_States)[Orlando](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Orlando)[South](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States)Health.
According to the [Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention) (CDC), average American life
expectancy at birth was 78.4 years in 2023 (75.8 years for men and 81.1 years for women). This was a gain of 0.9 year
from 77.5 years in 2022, and the CDC noted that the new average was largely driven by "decreases in mortality due to
COVID-19, heart disease, unintentional injuries, cancer and diabetes". [468] Starting in 1998, life expectancy in the
U.S. fell.
[behind that of other wealthy industrialized
countries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy), and Americans' "health disadvantage" gap
has been increasing ever since.
[[469]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-491)The Commonwealth Fund reported in 2020 that the U.S. had the [highest
suicide rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_suicide_rate) among [high-income
countries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-
income_countries).[[470]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-492)[Approximately one-third of the U.S. adult population
is obese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States) and another third is overweight. [471] The U.S.
healthcare system far.
[outspends that of any other
country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_health_expenditure_(PPP)_per_capita), measured both in
per capita spending and as a percentage of GDP, but attains worse healthcare outcomes when compared to peer countries
for reasons that are debated.
The United States is the only developed country.
[[472]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-494)[without a system of universal
healthcare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_reform_in_the_United_States), and.
[a significant proportion of the population that does not carry health
insurance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_insurance_coverage_in_the_United_States).
Government-funded healthcare coverage for the poor (
[[473]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-495)[Medicaid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicaid)) and for those age 65
and older (
[Medicare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_(United_States))) is available to Americans who meet the programs'
income or age qualifications. In 2010, then-President Obama passed the.
[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act).
[[w]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-496)
[[474]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-497)[Abortion in the United
States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States)is not federally protected, and is illegal or
restricted in 17 states.
[[475]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-498)Education.
American primary and secondary education (known in the U.S. as
[K–12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E2%80%9312_education_in_the_United_States), "kindergarten through 12th grade") is
decentralized. School systems are operated by state, territorial, and sometimes municipal governments and regulated by
the [U.S. Department of Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education). In general,
children are required to attend school or [an approved
homeschool](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeschooling_in_the_United_States) from the age of five or six
([kindergarten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten) or [first grade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_grade))
until they are 18 years old. This often brings students through the [12th
grade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_grade), the final year of a U.S. high school, but some states and
territories allow them to leave school earlier, at age 16 or 17. [477] The U.S. spends more on education per student
than any other country,
an average of $18,614 per year per public elementary and secondary school student in 2020–2021.
[[478]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-501)Among Americans age 25 and older, 92.2% graduated from high school, 62.7%
attended some college, 37.7% earned a.
[[479]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-502)[bachelor's degree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree),
and 14.2% earned a graduate degree.
The.
[[480]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-503)[U.S. literacy
rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States)is near-universal.
[[343]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-CIA-2018-362)The U.S. has produced the.
[[481]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-504)[most Nobel Prize winners of any
country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_country), with.
[411](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Nobel_laureates)(having won 413 awards).
[[482]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-505)
[[483]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-506)[U.S. tertiary or higher
education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_United_States) has earned a global reputation. Many of
the world's top universities, as listed by various ranking organizations, are in the United States, including 19 of the
top 25.[[484]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-507) [485] American higher education is dominated by.
[state university systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_university_system), although.
[the country's many private universities and
colleges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_universities_in_the_United_States)enroll about 20% of all American
students. Local.
[community colleges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_college)generally offer.
[open admissions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_admissions), lower tuition, and coursework leading to a two-year.
[associate degree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_degree)or a.
[non-degree certificate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_program).
[[486]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-509)As for [public
expenditures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_expenditure) on higher education, the U.S. spends more per student
than the [OECD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD) average, and Americans spend more than all nations in combined
public and private spending. [487] Colleges and universities directly funded by the federal government do not charge
tuition and are limited to military personnel and government employees, including: the.
[U.S. service academies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_service_academies), the.
[Naval Postgraduate School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School), and.
[military staff colleges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_military_staff_colleges). Despite some student.
[loan forgiveness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan_forgiveness)programs in place,
[[488]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-511)[student loan debt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_debt)increased
by 102% between 2010 and 2020,
and exceeded $1.7 trillion in 2022.
[[489]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-512)
[[490]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-513)Culture and society.
The United States is home to [a wide variety of ethnic groups, traditions, and
values](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_the_United_States).[[492]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-515)
[493] The country has been described as having.
[the values](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americanism_(ideology))of.
[individualism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualism)and.
[personal autonomy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-libertarianism),
[[494]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-517)as well as a strong.
[[495]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-518)[work ethic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_ethic)
and.
[[496]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-519)[competitiveness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition).
Voluntary.
[[497]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-520)[altruism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altruism)towards others also
plays a major role;
[[498]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-521)
[[499]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-522)according to a 2016 study by the.
[[500]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-523)[Charities Aid
Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charities_Aid_Foundation), Americans donated 1.44% of total GDP to
charity—the.
[highest rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_charitable_donation)in the world by a large margin.
Americans have traditionally.
[[501]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-524)[been
characterized](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotypes_of_Americans)by a unifying political belief in an "
[American Creed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Creed)" emphasizing.
[consent of the governed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed),
[liberty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty),
[equality under the law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_under_the_law),
[democracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy),
[social equality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_equality),
[property rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_rights), and a preference for.
[limited government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_government).
[[502]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-525)The U.S. has acquired significant.
[[503]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-526)[hard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_power)and.
[soft power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_power)through.
[its diplomatic influence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States),
[economic power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_power),
[military alliances](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_alliance), and.
[cultural exports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_exports)such as.
[American movies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States),
[music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States),
[video games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States),
[sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States), and.
[food](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_cuisine).
[[504]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-527)The influence that the United States exerts on other countries through
soft power is referred to as.
[[505]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-528)[Americanization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americanization).
[[506]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-529)Nearly all present Americans or their ancestors came from [Europe,
Africa, or Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Eurasia) (the "[Old
World](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World)") within the past five
centuries.[[507]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-530)[Mainstream](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mainstream)
American culture is a [Western culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culture) largely derived from the
[traditions of European immigrants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_American#Culture) with influences from many
other sources, such as [traditions brought by slaves from Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-
American_culture). [508] More recent immigration from.
[Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_American)and especially.
[Latin America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_culture)has added to a cultural mix that has been described
as a homogenizing.
[melting pot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pot), and a heterogeneous.
[salad bowl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salad_bowl_(cultural_idea)), with immigrants contributing to, and often.
[assimilating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology))into, mainstream American culture.
The [American Dream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Dream), or the perception that Americans enjoy high levels
of [social mobility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socio-economic_mobility_in_the_United_States), plays a key role in
attracting immigrants.[[509]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-532) [510] Whether this perception is accurate has been
a topic of debate.
[[511]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-socialmobility-534)
[[512]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-CAP-535)While mainstream culture holds that the United States is a.
[[513]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-536)[classless society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classless_society),
scholars identify significant differences between.
[[514]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-537)[the country's social
classes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States), affecting.
[socialization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialization), language, and values.
[[515]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-538)Americans tend to greatly value.
[[516]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-539)[socioeconomic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socioeconomics)achievement,
but.
[being ordinary or average](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average_Joe)is promoted by some as a noble condition as well.
[[517]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-540)The [National Foundation on the Arts and the
Humanities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Foundation_on_the_Arts_and_the_Humanities) is an agency of the United
States federal government that was established in 1965 with the purpose to "develop and promote a broadly conceived
national policy of support for the humanities and the arts in the United States, and for institutions which preserve the
cultural heritage of the United States." [518] It is composed of four sub-agencies:
[National Endowment for the Arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts)[National Endowment for
the Humanities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities)[Institute of Museum and Library
Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Museum_and_Library_Services)[Federal Council on the Arts and the
Humanities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Council_on_the_Arts_and_the_Humanities)
Under the [First Amendment to the
Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution), the United States is
considered to have the [strongest protections of free speech of any
country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_the_United_States).[[519]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-
Coleman-2013-542)[Flag desecration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_desecration_in_the_United_States), [hate
speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_speech_in_the_United_States),
[blasphemy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blasphemy_law_in_the_United_States), and [lese
majesty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9) are all forms of protected
expression.[[520]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-543)[[521]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-544) [522] A 2016.
[Pew Research Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center)poll found that Americans were the most
supportive of free expression of any polity measured.
Additionally, they are the "most supportive of.
[[523]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-546)[freedom of the
press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_the_United_States)and the.
[right to use the Internet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_Internet_access)without government censorship".
The U.S. is a.
[[524]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-547)[socially
progressive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_liberalism)country.
with.
[[525]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-548)[permissive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permissive_society)attitudes
surrounding.
[human sexuality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sexuality).
[[526]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Derks-2020-549)[LGBT rights in the United
States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States)are among the most advanced by global standards.
[[526]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Derks-2020-549)
[[527]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-550)
[[528]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-551)Literature.
Colonial American authors were influenced by [John Locke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke) and other
[Enlightenment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment)
philosophers.[[530]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaymLevine2013157–159-553) [531] The.
[American Revolutionary Period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution)(1765–1783) is notable for the
political writings of.
[Benjamin Franklin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin),
[Alexander Hamilton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton),
[Thomas Paine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine), and.
[Thomas Jefferson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson). Shortly before and after the.
[Revolutionary War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War), the newspaper rose to prominence, filling
a demand for anti-British national literature.
[[532]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaymLevine2013163-555)An early novel is.
[[533]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-556)[William Hill Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hill_Brown)'s.
, published in 1791. Writer and critic.
[The Power of Sympathy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Power_of_Sympathy)[John
Neal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Neal)in the early- to mid-19th century helped advance America toward a unique
literature and culture by criticizing predecessors such as.
[Washington Irving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving)for imitating their British counterparts, and by
influencing writers such as.
[Edgar Allan Poe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe),
who took American poetry and short fiction in new directions.
[[534]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-557)[Ralph Waldo
Emerson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson)and.
[Margaret Fuller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Fuller)pioneered the influential.
[Transcendentalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalism)movement;
[[535]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-558)
[[536]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Coviello-559)[Henry David
Thoreau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau), author of.
, was influenced by this movement.
[Walden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden)The conflict surrounding
[abolitionism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States) inspired writers, like [Harriet Beecher
Stowe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe), and authors of slave narratives, such as [Frederick
Douglass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Douglass). [Nathaniel
Hawthorne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne)'s The Scarlet Letter (1850) explored the dark side of
American history, as did.
[Herman Melville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Melville)'s.
(1851). Major American poets of the 19th century.
[Moby-Dick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moby-Dick)[American
Renaissance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Renaissance_(literature))include.
[Walt Whitman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Whitman), Melville, and.
[Emily Dickinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Dickinson).
[[537]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaymLevine2013444–447-560)
[[538]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-FOOTNOTELauter1994a1228,_1233,_1260-561)[Mark
Twain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain)was the first major American writer to be born in the West.
[Henry James](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_James)achieved international recognition with novels like.
(1881). As literacy rates rose, periodicals published more stories centered around industrial workers, women, and the
rural poor.
[The Portrait of a Lady](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Portrait_of_a_Lady)
[[539]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaymLevine20131269–1270-562)
[[540]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-
FOOTNOTELauter1994b8–10-563)[Naturalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_(literature)),
[regionalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_literary_regionalism), and.
[realism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_realism#UnitedStates)were the major literary movements of the period.
[[541]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaymLevine20131271–1273-564)
[[542]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-FOOTNOTELauter1994b12-565)While
[modernism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_modernism) generally took on an international character, modernist
authors working within the United States more often rooted their work in specific regions, peoples, and cultures. [543]
Following the Great Migration to northern cities, African-American and black.
[West Indian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indian_Americans)authors of the.
[Harlem Renaissance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance)developed an independent tradition of literature
that rebuked a history of inequality and celebrated black culture. An important cultural export during the.
[Jazz Age](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_Age), these writings were a key influence on.
, a philosophy emerging in the 1930s among francophone writers of the.
[Négritude](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9gritude)[African
diaspora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_diaspora).
[[544]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-567)In the 1950s, an ideal of homogeneity led many authors to attempt to
write the.
[[545]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-568)[Great American
Novel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_American_Novel),
while the.
[[546]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaymLevine20132260–2261-569)[Beat
Generation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_Generation)rejected this conformity, using styles that elevated the
impact of the.
[spoken word](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoken_word)over mechanics to describe drug use, sexuality, and the failings
of society.
[[547]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaymLevine20132262-570)Contemporary literature is more pluralistic
than in previous eras, with the closest thing to a unifying feature being a trend toward self-conscious.
[[548]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-571)[experiments with
language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_literature).
Twelve American laureates have won the.
[[549]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaymLevine20132266–2267-572)[Nobel Prize in
Literature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature).
[[550]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-573)Mass media.
Media in the United States is [broadly uncensored](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_in_the_United_States), with
the [First Amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution) providing
significant protections, as reiterated in New York Times Co. v. United States.
The four major broadcasters in the U.S. are the.
[[519]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Coleman-2013-542)[National Broadcasting
Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Broadcasting_Company)(NBC),
[Columbia Broadcasting System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Broadcasting_System)(CBS),
[American Broadcasting Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company)(ABC), and.
[Fox Broadcasting Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company)(FOX). The four major broadcast
television networks are all commercial entities. The.
[U.S. cable television system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_television_in_the_United_States)offers hundreds of
channels catering to a variety of niches.
In 2021, about 83% of Americans over age 12 listened to.
[[551]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-574)[broadcast radio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_broadcasting),
while about 40% listened to.
[podcasts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcast).
In the prior year, there were 15,460 licensed full-power radio stations in the U.S. according to the.
[[552]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-575)[Federal Communications
Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission)(FCC).
Much of the public radio broadcasting is supplied by.
[[553]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-576)[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR), incorporated in February 1970
under the.
[Public Broadcasting Act of 1967](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Act_of_1967).
[[554]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-577)U.S. newspapers with a global reach and reputation include The Wall
Street Journal,
,
[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times), and.
[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post).
[USA Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today)
[[555]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Shaffer2006-578)[About 800
publications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Spanish-language_newspapers_published_in_the_United_States)are
produced in Spanish.
[[556]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-579)With few exceptions, newspapers are privately owned, either by large
chains such as.
[[557]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-580)[Gannett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannett_Company)or.
[McClatchy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_McClatchy_Company), which own dozens or even hundreds of newspapers; by
small chains that own a handful of papers; or, in an increasingly rare situation, by individuals or families. Major
cities often have.
[alternative newspapers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_newspaper)to complement the mainstream daily papers,
such as.
in New York City and.
[The Village Voice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice)in Los Angeles. The five most popular websites used
in the U.S. are.
[LA Weekly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LA_Weekly)[YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube),
[Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(website)), and.
[[558]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-alexa-topsitesus-581)In 2022, the video game market of the United States was
the world's [largest by revenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_video_games_markets_by_country). [559] In 2015,
the U.S. video game industry consisted of 2,457 companies that employed around 220,000 jobs and generated $30.4 billion
in revenue.
There are 444 publishers, developers, and hardware companies in California alone.
[[560]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-:0-583)According to the.
[[561]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-584)[Game Developers
Conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Developers_Conference)(GDC), the U.S. is the top location for.
[video game development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_development), with 58% of.
[game developers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_developer)based in the country in 2025.
[[562]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-585)Theater.
The United States is well known for its theater. Mainstream theater in the United States derives from the old European
theatrical tradition and has been heavily influenced by the [British
theater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_the_United_Kingdom). [563] By the middle of the 19th century, America
had created new distinct dramatic forms in the.
[Tom Shows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Shows), the.
[showboat theater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showboat)and the.
[minstrel show](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel_show).
The central hub of the American theater scene is the.
[[564]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-587)[Theater District in
Manhattan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_District,_Manhattan), with its divisions of.
[Broadway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre),
[off-Broadway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-Broadway), and.
[off-off-Broadway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-off-Broadway).
[[565]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-LondréWatermeier1998-588)Many movie and television
[celebrities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity) have gotten their big break working in New York productions.
Outside New York City, many cities have professional [regional or resident theater
companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_theater_in_the_United_States) that produce their own seasons. The
biggest-budget theatrical productions are musicals. U.S. theater has an active [community
theater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_theater) culture.[[566]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-589)
The [Tony Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Awards) recognizes excellence in live Broadway theater and are
presented at an annual ceremony in [Manhattan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan). The awards are given for
Broadway productions and performances. One is also given for [regional
theater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_theatre_in_the_United_States). Several discretionary non-competitive
awards are given as well, including a [Special Tony Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Tony_Award), the [Tony
Honors for Excellence in Theatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Honors_for_Excellence_in_Theatre), and the
[Isabelle Stevenson
Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabelle_Stevenson_Award).[[567]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-590)
Visual arts.
[Folk art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_art_of_the_United_States) in [colonial
America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_america) grew out of artisanal
[craftsmanship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workmanship) in communities that allowed commonly trained people to
individually express themselves. It was distinct from Europe's tradition of [high
art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_culture), which was less accessible and generally less relevant to early
American settlers. [569] Cultural movements in art and craftsmanship in colonial America generally lagged behind those
of Western Europe. For example, the prevailing medieval style of.
[woodworking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodworking)and primitive.
[sculpture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture_of_the_United_States)became integral to early American folk art,
despite the emergence of.
[Renaissance styles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_art)in England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries.
The new English styles would have been early enough to make a considerable impact on American folk art, but American
styles and forms had already been firmly adopted. Not only did styles change slowly in early America, but there was a
tendency for rural artisans there to continue their traditional forms longer than their urban counterparts did—and far
longer than those in Western Europe.
[[519]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Coleman-2013-542)The [Hudson River
School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River_School) was a mid-19th-century movement in the visual arts tradition
of European [naturalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(arts)). The 1913 [Armory
Show](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armory_Show) in New York City, an exhibition of European [modernist
art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_art), shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art
scene.[[570]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-593)
[American Realism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Realism) and [American
Regionalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Regionalism) sought to reflect and give America new ways of looking
at itself. [Georgia O'Keeffe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe), [Marsden
Hartley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsden_Hartley), and others experimented with new and individualistic styles,
which would become known as [American modernism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_modernism). Major artistic
movements such as the [abstract expressionism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_expressionism) of [Jackson
Pollock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Pollock) and [Willem de
Kooning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning) and the [pop art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_art) of
[Andy Warhol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Warhol) and [Roy
Lichtenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Lichtenstein) developed largely in the United States. Major
photographers include [Alfred Stieglitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz), [Edward
Steichen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Steichen), [Dorothea
Lange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_Lange), [Edward Weston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Weston),
[James Van Der Zee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Van_Der_Zee), [Ansel
Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansel_Adams), and [Gordon
Parks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Parks).[[571]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Davenport1991-594)
The tide of [modernism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism) and then
[postmodernism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernism) has brought global fame to American architects, including
[Frank Lloyd Wright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright), [Philip
Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Johnson), and [Frank Gehry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gehry).
[572] The.
[Metropolitan Museum of Art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art)in.
[Manhattan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan)is the largest.
[art museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_museum)in the United States.
and the.
[[573]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-METLargestArtMuseum-596)[fourth-
largest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_art_museums)in the world.
[[574]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-597)Music.
[American folk music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_folk_music) encompasses numerous music genres, variously
known as traditional music, traditional [folk music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music), contemporary folk music,
or roots music. Many traditional songs have been sung within the same family or folk group for generations, and
sometimes trace back to such origins as the [British Isles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles), [mainland
Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Europe), or [Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-
American_music). [575] The rhythmic and lyrical styles of African-American music in particular have influenced American
music.
[[576]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-599)[Banjos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo)were brought to America
through the slave trade.
[Minstrel shows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel_show)incorporating the instrument into their acts led to its
increased popularity and widespread production in the 19th century.
[[577]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-600)The.
[[578]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShi2016378-601)[electric
guitar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_guitar), first invented in the 1930s, and mass-produced by the 1940s, had
an enormous influence on popular music, in particular due to the development of.
[rock and roll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll).
The.
[[579]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-axe-602)[synthesizer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer),
[turntablism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turntablism), and.
[electronic music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_music)were also largely developed in the U.S.
Elements from folk idioms such as the [blues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues) and [old-time
music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old-time_music) were adopted and transformed into [popular
genres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music) with global audiences. [Jazz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz)
grew from blues and [ragtime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime) in the early 20th century, developing from the
innovations and recordings of composers such as [W.C. Handy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.C._Handy) and [Jelly Roll
Morton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_Roll_Morton). [Louis
Armstrong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Armstrong) and [Duke
Ellington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Ellington) increased its popularity early in the 20th
century.[[580]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Biddle-2001-603)[Country
music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music) developed in the
1920s,[[581]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-604)[bluegrass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluegrass_music) [582]
and.
[rhythm and blues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues)in the 1940s,
and rock and roll in the 1950s.
[[583]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpenStax2014§_[httpsopenstaxorgbooksus-historypages28-4-popular-
culture-and-mass-media_28.4]-606)In the 1960s,
[[579]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-axe-602)[Bob Dylan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan)emerged from the.
[folk revival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_folk_music_revival)to become one of the country's most celebrated
songwriters.
The musical forms of.
[[584]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-607)[punk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock)and.
[hip hop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop)both originated in the United States in the 1970s.
[[585]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-608)The United States has the world's [largest music
market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_recorded_music_markets), with a total retail value of $15.9
billion in 2022. [586] Most of the world's.
[major record companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label#Major_labels)are based in the U.S.; they are
represented by the.
[Recording Industry Association of
America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America)(RIAA).
Mid-20th-century American pop stars, such as.
[[587]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-610)[Frank Sinatra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra)
and.
[[588]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-611)[Elvis Presley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley),
became.
[[589]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-612)[global celebrities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstar)and.
[best-selling music artists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists),
as have artists of the late 20th century, such as.
[[580]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Biddle-2001-603)[Michael
Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson),
[[590]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-RIAA-613)[Madonna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna),
[[591]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-614)[Whitney Houston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Houston),
and.
[[592]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Rolling_Stone-2023-615)[Mariah
Carey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariah_Carey),
and of the early 21st century, such as.
[[593]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-616)[Eminem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eminem),
[[594]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-617)[Britney Spears](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britney_Spears),
[[595]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmondson2013490-618)[Lady
Gaga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga),
[[595]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmondson2013490-618)[Katy
Perry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katy_Perry),
[[595]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmondson2013490-618)[Taylor
Swift](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift)and.
[Beyoncé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9).
[[596]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-619)Fashion.
The United States has the world's largest [apparel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparel) market by revenue. [597]
Apart from professional.
[business attire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_attire), American fashion is eclectic and predominantly
informal. Americans' diverse cultural roots are reflected in their clothing; however,
[sneakers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneaker),
[jeans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeans),
[T-shirts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-shirts), and.
[baseball caps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_cap)are emblematic of American styles.
New York, with.
[[598]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-AmericanClassicFashion-621)[its Fashion
Week](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week), is considered to be one of the "Big Four" global.
[fashion capitals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_capital), along with.
[Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week),
[Milan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week), and.
[London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Fashion_Week). A study demonstrated that general proximity to.
[Manhattan's Garment District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garment_District,_Manhattan)has been synonymous with
American fashion since its inception in the early 20th century.
[[599]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-GarmentDistrictNYCFashionSymbolUS-622)A number of well-known [designer
labels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designer_label), among them [Tommy
Hilfiger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger_(company)), [Ralph
Lauren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Lauren_Corporation), [Tom
Ford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Ford_(brand)) and [Calvin
Klein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Klein_(fashion_house)), are headquartered in
[Manhattan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan).[[600]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-623) [601] Labels cater
to.
[niche markets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niche_market), such as preteens.
[New York Fashion Week](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week)is one of the most influential fashion shows
in the world, and is held twice each year in Manhattan;
the annual.
[[602]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-USNYCFashionWeekGlobalIndustryTonesetter-625)[Met
Gala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Met_Gala), also in Manhattan, has been called the fashion world's "biggest night".
[[603]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-MetGalaFashion'sBiggestNight1-626)
[[604]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-MetGalaFashion'sBiggestNight2-627)Cinema.
The U.S. film industry has [a worldwide influence and following](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Hollywood).
[Hollywood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles), a district in northern Los Angeles, the nation's
second-most populous city, is also [metonymous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metonymous) for the American filmmaking
industry.[[605]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-628)[[606]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-629) [607] The.
[major film studios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_film_studios)of the United States are the primary source of
the.
[most commercially successful](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films)movies selling the most
tickets in the world.
[[608]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Kerrigan_Page_18-631)
[[609]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Davis-632)Largely centered in the New York City region from its beginnings in
the late 19th century through the first decades of the 20th
century,[[610]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-633)[[611]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-634)[[612]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-635)
[613] the U.S. film industry has since been primarily based in and around Hollywood. Nonetheless, American film
companies have been subject to the forces of.
[globalization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization)in the 21st century, and an increasing number of films are
made elsewhere.
The.
[[614]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-637)[Academy Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards), popularly
known as the Oscars, have been held annually by the.
[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and
Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences)since 1929,
and the.
[[615]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-DrowneHuber2004-638)[Golden Globe
Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award)have been held annually since January 1944.
[[616]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Kroon2014-639)The industry peaked in what is commonly referred to as the
"[Golden Age of Hollywood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema)", from the early sound period until
the early 1960s, [617] with screen actors such as.
[John Wayne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wayne)and.
[Marilyn Monroe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe)becoming iconic figures.
[[618]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-641)In the 1970s, "
[[619]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-642)[New Hollywood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hollywood)", or the
"Hollywood Renaissance",
was defined by grittier films influenced by French and Italian realist pictures of the.
[[620]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Greven2013-643)[post-war
period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II).
The 21st century has been marked by the rise of American.
[[621]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Morrison1998-644)[streaming
platforms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_platform), which came to rival traditional cinema.
[[622]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-RE-645)
[[623]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-646)Cuisine.
Early settlers were introduced by Native Americans to foods such as
[turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_as_food), [sweet potatoes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_potato),
[corn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize), [squash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucurbita), and [maple
syrup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_syrup). Of the most enduring and pervasive examples are variations of the
native dish called [succotash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succotash). Early settlers and later immigrants combined
these with foods they were familiar with, such as [wheat flour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat_flour), [624] beef,
and milk, to create a distinctive American cuisine.
[[625]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-648)
[[626]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-649)[New World crops](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_crops),
especially.
[pumpkin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpkin), corn,
[potatoes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potatoes), and turkey as the main course are part of a shared national menu on.
[Thanksgiving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)), when many Americans prepare or purchase
traditional dishes to celebrate the occasion.
[[627]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Mintz1996-650)Characteristic American dishes such as [apple
pie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_pie), [fried chicken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fried_chicken),
[doughnuts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doughnut), [french fries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_fries),
[macaroni and cheese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaroni_and_cheese), [ice
cream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cream), [hamburgers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger), [hot
dogs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_dog), and [American
pizza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizza_in_the_United_States) derive from the recipes of various immigrant
groups.[[628]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-651)[[629]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-652)[[630]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-653)[[631]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-654)[Mexican
dishes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican-American_cuisine) such as
[burritos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burritos) and [tacos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacos) preexisted the
United States in areas later annexed from Mexico, and [adaptations of Chinese
cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine) as well as [pasta dishes freely adapted from Italian
sources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian-American_cuisine) are all widely
consumed.[[632]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-IFT-655)
American [chefs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chef) have had a significant impact on society both domestically and
internationally. In 1946, the [Culinary Institute of
America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culinary_Institute_of_America) was founded by [Katharine
Angell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharine_Cramer_Angell) and [Frances
Roth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Roth). This would become the United States' most prestigious culinary
school, where many of the most talented American chefs would study prior to successful
careers.[[633]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-656) [634] The.
[United States restaurant industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_restaurant_industry)was projected at
$899 billion in sales for 2020,
[[635]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Brownfield-2020-658)and employed more than 15 million people, representing
10% of the nation's workforce directly.
[[636]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Ramirez-659)It is the country's second-largest private employer and the
third-largest employer overall.
[[635]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Brownfield-2020-658)
[[637]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Noguchi-2020-660)The United States is home to over 220.
[[638]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-661)[Michelin star](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelin_star)-rated
restaurants, 70 of which are in New York City alone.
[[639]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-662)[Wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_wine) has been produced in
what is now the United States since the 1500s, with the [first widespread production beginning in what is now New
Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_wine) in
1628.[[640]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-663)[[641]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-
Birchell_Steel_2013_p.-664) [642] In the modern U.S., wine production is undertaken in all fifty states, with.
[California producing 84 percent of all U.S. wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_wine). With more than
1,100,000 acres (4,500 km.
2) under vine, the United States is the.
[fourth-largest wine-producing country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_wine_production)in the world,
after.
[Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_wine),
[Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_wine), and.
[France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_wine).
[[643]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Sotheby,_p._462-666)
[[644]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Oxford,_p._719-667)The [classic American
diner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diner), a casual restaurant type originally intended for the working class, emerged
during the 19th century from converted railroad [dining cars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dining_car) made stationary.
The diner soon evolved into purpose-built structures whose number expanded greatly in the 20th century. [645] The
American.
[fast-food](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast-food)industry developed alongside the nation's.
[car culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_culture).
American restaurants developed the.
[[646]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-669)[drive-in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive-in)format in the 1920s,
which they began to replace with the.
[drive-through](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive-through)format by the 1940s.
[[647]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-drivethru-670)American.
[[648]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-671)[fast-food restaurant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast-
food_restaurant)chains, such as.
[McDonald's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s),
[Burger King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burger_King),
[Chick-fil-A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chick-fil-A),
[Kentucky Fried Chicken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Fried_Chicken),
[Dunkin' Donuts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkin%27_Donuts)and.
[many others](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fast_food_restaurant_chains#United_States), have numerous outlets
around the world.
[[649]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Pavlova-2019-672)Sports.
The most popular spectator sports in the U.S. are [American
football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football_in_the_United_States),
[basketball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_in_the_United_States),
[baseball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_in_the_United_States),
[soccer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_in_the_United_States), and [ice
hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_in_the_United_States). [650] While most major U.S. sports such as
baseball and American football have evolved out of European practices, basketball,
[volleyball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_in_the_United_States),
[skateboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skateboarding), and.
[snowboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding)are American inventions, many of which have become popular
worldwide.
[[651]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-674)[Lacrosse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrosse_in_the_United_States)and.
[surfing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfing_in_the_United_States)arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian
activities that predate European contact.
The.
[[652]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-liss-675)[market for professional sports in the United
States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_sports_market_in_the_United_States)was approximately $69 billion in
July 2013, roughly 50% larger than that of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa combined.
[[653]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-676)American football is by several measures the most popular spectator sport
in the United States; [654] the.
[National Football League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League)has the highest average attendance of
any sports league in the world, and the.
[Super Bowl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl)is watched by tens of millions globally.
However, baseball has been regarded as the U.S. "
[[655]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-678)[national sport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_sport)" since the
late 19th century. After American football, the next four most popular professional team sports are basketball,
baseball, soccer, and ice hockey. Their premier leagues are, respectively, the.
[National Basketball Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association),
[[656]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-679)[Major League
Baseball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball),
[[657]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-680)[Major League Soccer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer),
and the.
[[658]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-681)[National Hockey
League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League).
The most-watched.
[[659]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-682)[individual sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_sport)in the
U.S. are.
[golf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_in_the_United_States)and.
[auto racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_racing), particularly.
[NASCAR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR)and.
[IndyCar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndyCar).
[[660]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-683)
[[661]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-684)On the [collegiate
level](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_athletics_in_the_United_States), earnings for the member institutions
exceed $1 billion annually, [662] and.
[college football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football)and.
[basketball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_basketball)attract large audiences, as the.
[NCAA March Madness tournament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament)and the.
[College Football Playoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_Playoff)are some of the most watched national
sporting events.
In the U.S., the intercollegiate sports level serves as the main feeder system for professional and Olympic sports, with
significant exceptions such as.
[[663]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-686)[Minor League
Baseball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball). This differs greatly from practices in nearly all other
countries, where publicly and privately funded sports organizations serve this function.
[[664]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-687)Eight [Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games) have
taken place in the United States. The [1904 Summer Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Summer_Olympics) in [St.
Louis, Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri), were the first-ever Olympic Games held outside of
Europe. [665] The Olympic Games will be held in the U.S. for a ninth time when Los Angeles hosts the.
[2028 Summer Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2028_Summer_Olympics).
[U.S. athletes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics)have won a total of 2,968 medals (1,179
gold) at the Olympic Games, the most of any country.
[[666]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-689)
[[667]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-690)
[[668]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-691)In other international competition, the United States is the home of a
number of prestigious events, including the [Americas Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas_Cup), [World Baseball
Classic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Baseball_Classic), the [U.S.
Open](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Open_(tennis)), and the [Masters
Tournament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_Tournament). The [U.S. men's national soccer
team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_soccer_team) has qualified for [eleven World
Cups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup), while the [women's national
team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_soccer_team) has
[won](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup) the [FIFA Women's World
Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup) and [Olympic soccer
tournament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_Summer_Olympics) four times each. [669] The United States
hosted the.
[1994 FIFA World Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_FIFA_World_Cup)and will co-host, along with Canada and Mexico,
the.
[2026 FIFA World Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_FIFA_World_Cup).
The.
[[670]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-693)[1999 FIFA Women's World
Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup)was also hosted by the United States.
[Its final match](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_final)was attended by 90,185, setting the
world record for largest women's sporting event crowd at the time.
[[671]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-694)See also.
[Lists of U.S. state topics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_U.S._state_topics)[Outline of the United
States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States)[List of online encyclopedias of U.S.
states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_online_encyclopedias_of_U.S._states), typically maintained by state
historical societies, universities, or humanities councils.
Notes.
Per[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-officiallanguage_6-0)[Executive Order
14224](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_14224).[[4]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-EOWP-4)States and
territories variously recognize English only, English plus one or more local languages, or no language at all.
See[[5]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-EONYT-5)[§ Language](https://en.wikipedia.org#Language).The historical and
informal demonym[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-demonym_12-0)[Yankee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee)has
been applied to Americans, New Englanders, and northeasterners since the 18th century.- ^
abAt 3,531,900 sq mi (9,147,590 kmc2), the United States is the third-largest country in the world by land area,
behind[Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia)and[China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China). By total area (land
and water), it is the third-largest, behind Russia and[Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada), if its coastal and
territorial water areas are included. However, if only its internal waters are included (bays, sounds, rivers, lakes,
and the[Great Lakes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes)), the U.S. is the fourth-largest, after Russia, Canada,
and China.
Coastal/territorial waters included: 3,796,742 sq mi (9,833,517 km2)[[20]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-
CIA_Factbook_Area-30)
Only internal waters included: 3,696,100 sq mi (9,572,900 km2)[[21]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-31) This figure
excludes[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-pop_18-0)[Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico)and the
other[unincorporated islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_territories_of_the_United_States)because they
are counted separately in[U.S. census](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._census)statistics.- ^
aU.S. nominal and PPP-adjusted GDP are the same as the U.S. is the reference country for PPP calculations.b After
adjustment for taxes and transfers[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-22)See[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-
time_24-0)[Time in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States)for details about laws
governing time zones in the United States.See[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-25)[Date and time notation in the
United
States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_and_time_notation_in_the_United_States).The[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-
drive_27-0)[U.S. Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Virgin_Islands)use left-hand traffic.The five major
territories outside the union of states are[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-29)[American
Samoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa),[Guam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam), the[Northern Mariana
Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands),[Puerto
Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico), and the[U.S. Virgin
Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands). The seven undisputed island areas without
permanent populations are[Baker Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_Island),[Howland
Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howland_Island),[Jarvis
Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarvis_Island),[Johnston
Atoll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnston_Atoll),[Kingman Reef](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingman_Reef),[Midway
Atoll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway_Atoll), and[Palmyra Atoll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll).
U.S. sovereignty over the unpopulated[Bajo Nuevo Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajo_Nuevo_Bank),[Navassa
Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navassa_Island),[Serranilla Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serranilla_Bank),
and[Wake Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_Island)is disputed.[[19]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-
HRI-2012-28)The[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-pop_clock_32-0)[U.S. Census
Bureau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau)'s latest official population estimate of 340,110,988
residents (2024) is for the 50 states and the District of Columbia; it excludes the 3.6 million residents of the five
major[U.S. territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States)and outlying islands. The Census
Bureau also provides a continuously updated but unofficial population
clock:[www.census.gov/popclock](https://www.census.gov/popclock/)The
official[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-38)[U.S. Government Publishing Office Style
Manual](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Government_Publishing_Office_Style_Manual)has prescribed specific usages for
"U.S." and "United States" as part of official names. In "formal writing (treaties, Executive orders, proclamations,
etc.); congressional bills; legal citations and courtwork; and covers and title pages","United States" is always used.
In a sentence containing the name of another country, "United States" must be used. Otherwise, "U.S." is used preceding
a government organization or as an adjective, but "United States" is used as an adjective preceding non-governmental
organizations (e.g.[[26]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-gpo-stylemanual-37)[United States Steel
Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Steel_Corporation)).[[26]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-
gpo-stylemanual-37)"Americus" is derived from the Old High German first name
"[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-41)[Emmerich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmerich_(name))".[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-43)Americuscomes
from the[Medieval Latin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Latin)nameEmericus(for[Saint Emeric of
Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Emeric_of_Hungary)), itself derived from the Old High German
name[Emmerich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmerich_(name)).From the late 15th century,
the[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-72)[Columbian exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbian_exchange)had
been catastrophic for native populations throughout the Americas. It is estimated[that up to 95 percent of the
Indigenous populations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_soil_epidemic), especially in the Caribbean,[perished from
infectious diseases during the years following European
colonization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics);remaining populations were often
displaced by European expansion.[[55]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-69)[[56]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-
FOOTNOTEJoseph2016590-70)[[57]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-71)[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-76)[New
Hampshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire),[Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay),[Connecticut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Colony),[Rhode
Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations),[New
York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_New_York),[New
Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey),[Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania),[Delaware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Colony),[Maryland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Maryland),[Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia),[North
Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina),[South
Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina),
and[Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Georgia)The Confederate States of America was formed by the
following states, each state government of which formally declared
its[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-119)[secession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States)from
the United States:[South
Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War),[Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War),[Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War),[Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War),[Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War),[Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War),[Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War),[Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War),[Arkansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War),[Tennessee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War),
and[North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War).Some scholars have used
descriptions such
as[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-260)[oligarchy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#United_States)or[plutocracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutocracy#Post-
World_War_II)instead.[[232]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-249)[[233]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-250)[[234]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-
Kroll_2010-12-02-251)[[235]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-252)[[236]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-
TAI_11-12/2011-253)[[237]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-
NYT-19980719-254)[[238]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-NYT-20151010-255)[[239]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-
NYT-20151010-el-256)[[240]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-
CS-20141226-257)[[241]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-258)[[242]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-259)Per
the[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-270)[U.S. Constitution, Amendment Twenty-
three](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution), proposed by the U.S.
Congress on June 16, 1960, and ratified by the States on March 29, 1961A country's total exports are usually understood
to be goods and services. Based on this, the U.S. is the world's second-largest exporter, after
China.[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-367)However, if primary income is included, the U.S. is the world's largest
exporter.[[346]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-365)[[347]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-366)This figure, like
most official data for the United States as a whole, excludes the five unincorporated territories
([^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-443)[Puerto
Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico),[Guam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam), the[U.S. Virgin
Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Virgin_Islands),[American
Samoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa), and the[Northern Mariana
Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands)) and minor island
possessions.[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-457)[Inupiaq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inupiaq_language),[Siberian
Yupik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Siberian_Yupik_language),[Central Alaskan
Yup'ik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yup%27ik_language),[Alutiiq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alutiiq_language),[Unanga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleut_language)(Aleut),[Denaʼina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dena%CA%BCina_language),[Deg
Xinag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deg_Xinag_language),[Holikachuk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holikachuk_language),[Koyukon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyukon_language),[Upper
Kuskokwim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Kuskokwim_language),[Gwichʼin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwich%CA%BCin_language),[Tanana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Tanana_language),[Upper
Tanana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Tanana_language),[Tanacross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanacross_language),[Hän](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4n_language),[Ahtna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahtna_language),[Eyak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyak_language),[Tlingit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlingit_language),[Haida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida_language),
and[Tsimshian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Tsimshian_dialect)Also known less formally as
Obamacare[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-496)
References.
[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-1)[36 U.S.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_36_of_the_United_States_Code)[§
302](https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/36/302)[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-de_facto_Motto_2-0)["The Great
Seal of the United States"](https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/27807.pdf)(PDF).[U.S. Department of
State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State),[Bureau of Public
Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Public_Affairs). 2003. Retrieved February 12,
2020.[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-3)[An Act To make The Star-Spangled Banner the national anthem of the United
States of America](https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=46&page=1508)(H.R. 14).[71st United States
Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/71st_United_States_Congress). March 3, 1931.- ^
aVivian Ho; Rachel Pannett (March 1, 2025).b["A Trump order made English the official language of the U.S. What does
that mean?"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2025/03/01/trump-english-official-language-explainer/)..[The
Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post) Broadwater, Luke (March 1,
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FOOTNOTEThornton199834_55-0)[Thornton 1998](https://en.wikipedia.org#CITEREFThornton1998), p. 34.- ^
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aCarlisle, Rodney P.; Golson, J. Geoffrey (2007).bManifest destiny and the expansion of America. Turning Points in
History Series. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p.
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Nelson; Jones, Robert F. (1994).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-KloseJones19942_99-0). Barron's Educational
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John Craig (March 2019). "President, Planter, Politician: James Monroe, the Missouri Crisis, and the Politics of
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Colin G. (2019).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-102)First peoples: a documentary survey of American Indian
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(2003).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-104)Encyclopedia of Indian Wars: Western Battles and Skirmishes, 1850–1890.
Mountain Press
Publishing.[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))[978-0-87842-468-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87842-468-9).Billington,
Ray Allen;[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-BillingtonRidge2001j2_105-0)[Ridge,
Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Ridge_(historian))(2001).. UNM Press. p.Westward Expansion: A History of
the American
Frontier[22](https://archive.org/details/westwardexpansio00bill/page/22).[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))[978-0-8263-1981-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-1981-4).Morrison,
Michael A. (April 28, 1997).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-Morrison19992_106-0). University of North Carolina
Press. pp. 13–21.Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil
War[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))[978-0-8078-4796-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4796-1).Kemp,
Roger L. (2010).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-Kemp20102_107-0). McFarland. p. 180.Documents of American
Democracy: A Collection of Essential
Works[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))[978-0-7864-4210-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4210-2).
Retrieved October 25, 2015.McIlwraith, Thomas F.; Muller, Edward K. (2001).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-
McIlwraithMuller20012_108-0). Rowman & Littlefield. p.North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing
Continent[61](https://archive.org/details/northamericahist00mcil/page/61).[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))[978-0-7425-0019-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-0019-8).
Retrieved October 25, 2015.[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-109)[Meyer et al.
2001](https://en.wikipedia.org#CITEREFMeyerSnowSnowCohen2001), From 1800 to 1900: "The discovery of gold in California
in 1848 proved a momentous watershed for native people in the West. Hordes of single men stampeded to find fortune.
Unrestrained by family, community, or church, they decimated the native population near the goldfields. California
natives suffered the most complete genocide in U.S. history."- Wolf, Jessica.
["Revealing the history of genocide against California's Native Americans"](https://newsroom.ucla.edu/stories/revealing-
the-history-of-genocide-against-californias-native-americans).UCLA Newsroom. Retrieved July 8, 2018. - Madley, Benjamin
(2016).
. Yale University Press.An American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe,
1846-1873[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))[978-0-300-23069-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23069-7).
[Smithers 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org#CITEREFSmithers2012), p. 339: "The genocidal intent of California settlers and
government officials was acted out in numerous battles and massacres (and aided by technological advances in weaponry,
especially after the Civil War), in the abduction and sexual abuse of Indian women, and in the economic exploitation of
Indian child labourers"[Blackhawk 2023](https://en.wikipedia.org#CITEREFBlackhawk2023), p. 38: "With these works, a near
consensus emerged. By most scholarly definitions and consistent with the UN Convention, these scholars all asserted that
genocide against at least some Indigenous peoples had occurred in North America following colonisation, perpetuated
first by colonial empires and then by independent nation-states"
Rawls, James J. (1999).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-Rawls1999_110-0). University of California Press. p. 20.A
Golden State: Mining and Economic Development in Gold Rush
California[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))[978-0-520-21771-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21771-3).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-
FOOTNOTEWalker_Howe200752–54Wright2022_111-0)[Walker Howe 2007](https://en.wikipedia.org#CITEREFWalker_Howe2007), p.
52–54;[Wright 2022](https://en.wikipedia.org#CITEREFWright2022).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-
FOOTNOTEWalker_Howe200752–54Rodriguez2015XXXIVWright2022_112-0)[Walker Howe
2007](https://en.wikipedia.org#CITEREFWalker_Howe2007), p. 52–54;[Rodriguez
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2009](https://en.wikipedia.org#Walton), p. 43[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-114)[Gordon,
2004](https://en.wikipedia.org#Gordon), pp. 27, 29[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-
FOOTNOTEWalker_Howe2007478,_481–482,_587–588_115-0)[Walker Howe 2007](https://en.wikipedia.org#CITEREFWalker_Howe2007),
p. 478, 481–482, 587–588.[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-116)["Milestone documents: Kansas–Missouri Act
(1854)"](https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/kansas-nebraska-act). National Archives (Washington, D.C.). July
12, 2021. Retrieved January 5, 2025.Murray, Stuart (2004).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-117). Infobase
Publishing. p. 76.Atlas of American Military
History[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))[978-1-4381-3025-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-3025-5).
Retrieved October 25, 2015. Lewis, Harold T. (2001).. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 53.Christian Social
Witness[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))[978-1-56101-188-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56101-188-9).Woods,
Michael E. (2012). "What Twenty-First-Century Historians Have Said about the Causes of Disunion: A Civil War
Sesquicentennial Review of the Recent Literature".[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-
Woods_2012_pp._415–4392_118-0)The Journal of American History.99(2):
415–439.[doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/jahist/jas272](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjahist%2Fjas272).[ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier))[0021-8723](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8723).[JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier))[44306803](https://www.jstor.org/stable/44306803).Silkenat,
D. (2019).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-Silkenat_2019_p._252_120-0). Civil War America. University of North
Carolina Press. p. 25.Raising the White Flag: How Surrender Defined the American Civil
War[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))[978-1-4696-4973-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-4973-3).
Retrieved April 29, 2023.[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988236_121-0)[McPherson
1988](https://en.wikipedia.org#CITEREFMcPherson1988), p. 236.Vinovskis, Maris
(1990).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-122)Toward A Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays.
Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. p.
4.[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))[978-0-521-39559-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39559-5).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-
FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988273–274_123-0)[McPherson 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org#CITEREFMcPherson1988), pp.
273–274.[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-124)["The Fight for Equal Rights: Black Soldiers in the Civil
War"](https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war/).. August 15, 2016.[U.S. National Archives and
Records Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration)By the end of the
Civil War, roughly 179,000 black men (10% of the Union army) served as soldiers in the U.S. Army and another 19,000
served in the Navy.
Davis, Jefferson.[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-125), 1890, 2010.A Short History of the Confederate States of
America[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))[978-1-175-82358-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-175-82358-8).
Available free online as an ebook. Chapter LXXXVIII, "Re-establishment of the Union by force", p. 503. Retrieved March
14, 2012.Price, Marie; Benton-Short, Lisa (2008).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-PriceBenton-Short2008_126-0).
Syracuse University Press. p. 51.Migrants to the Metropolis: The Rise of Immigrant Gateway
Cities[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))[978-0-8156-3186-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3186-6).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-127)["Overview
+ History | Ellis Island"](https://www.statueofliberty.org/ellis-island/overview-history/).Statue of Liberty & Ellis
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Amendments"](https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082340/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm).www.senate.gov.
Archived from[the original](https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm)on
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446-449.[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-131)["The 15th Amendment of the U.S.
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(July 24, 2008).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-134)["Tenn. is readmitted to the Union July 24,
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Archives.govThe Homestead Act of 1862U.S. Bureau of the Census,[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-138)Historical
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ed.,[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-139)Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups(1980) covers the history of
all the main groups[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-140)["The Great Migration
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(1979).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-ReferenceA2_145-0)White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern
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Charles; Mogford, Elizabeth (December 1, 2009).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-148)["Immigration and the American
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Thomas; Bonk, Mary (1999). "Industrial Revolution".[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-149)Gale Encyclopedia of U.S.
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On. Archived from[the original](https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history)on April 25, 2021. Retrieved
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p. 589.[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-154)[Zinn, 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org#Zinn), pp. 321–357Fraser, Steve
(2015).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-Fraser2_155-0)The Age of Acquiescence: The Life and Death of American
Resistance to Organized Wealth and Power.[Little, Brown and
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66.[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))[978-0-316-18543-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-18543-1).Aldrich,
Mark.[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-Aldrich2_156-0)Safety First: Technology, Labor and Business in the Building
of Work Safety, 1870-1939.Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
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Era to New Era, 1900-1929 | U.S. History Primary Source Timeline | Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress |
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Elizabeth C.; Meltvedt, Kristi R. (2021).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-162)["Women's suffrage: fact
sheet"](https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R45805).CRS Reports (Library of Congress. Congressional
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Noble Gregory (1991).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-165). Oxford University Press.American Exodus: The Dust Bowl
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Retrieved October 25, 2015.["Mass Exodus From the
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Retrieved October 5, 2014. Stein, Walter J. (1973).. Greenwood Press.California and the Dust Bowl
Migration[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))[978-0-8371-6267-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-6267-6).
Retrieved October 25, 2015.Yamasaki, Mitch.[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-Pearl_Harbor2_166-0)["Pearl Harbor and
America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary
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World War II Internment in Hawaii. Archived from[the
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Retrieved February 8, 2017.Pacific War Research Society (2006).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-168)Japan's Longest
Day. New York: Oxford University
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FOOTNOTEHoopesBrinkley1997100_169-0)[Hoopes & Brinkley 1997](https://en.wikipedia.org#CITEREFHoopesBrinkley1997), p.
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358.[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))[978-0-679-72019-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-72019-5).Blakemore,
Erin (March 22, 2019).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-Blakemore-20192_172-0)["What was the Cold
War?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192349/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-
war/).National Geographic. Archived from[the original](https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-
war/)on April 1, 2019. Retrieved August 28, 2020.Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe," in Larresm,
Klaus, ed. (2014).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-173). Wiley. p. 79.A Companion to Europe Since
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Francis (July 12, 2017).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-174). Routledge.Geopolitics: From the Cold War to the 21st
Century[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))[978-1-351-51768-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-51768-3).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-175)[Blakeley,
2009](https://en.wikipedia.org#Blakeley),[pp.
85-96](https://books.google.com/books?id=rft8AgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA92&pg=PA85#v=onepage&q&f=false)[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-
Proxy2_176-0)[Collins, Michael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut))(1988).. New York: Grove
Press.Liftoff: The Story of America's Adventure in
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FOOTNOTEWinchester2013305–308_177-0)[Winchester 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org#CITEREFWinchester2013), pp.
305–308.[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-178)["The Civil Rights
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Buddy Wayne (2006).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-186)The Rhetoric of Presidential Summit Diplomacy: Ronald
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Henry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger)(2011).. Simon & Schuster. pp.
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War[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))[978-1-4406-8639-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4406-8639-9).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-188)[Hayes,
2009](https://en.wikipedia.org#Hayes)Frum, David (December 24, 2014).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-189)["The
Real Story of How America Became an Economic Superpower"](https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/12/the-
real-story-of-how-america-became-an-economic-superpower/384034/).The Atlantic. Retrieved December 10,
2024.[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-190)["U.S. army was smaller than the army for Portugal before World War
II"](http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2014/jun/13/ken-paxton/us-army-was-smaller-army-portugal-world-war-
ii/).Politifact. Retrieved January 23, 2018.CFI
Team.[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-191)["NASDAQ"](https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-
map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/).Corporate Finance
Institute.[Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231211163114/https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-
map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/)from the original on December 11, 2023. Retrieved December 11,
2023.[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-192)[Holsti, Ole R.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_R._Holsti)(November 7,
2011). "The United States and Iraq before the Iraq War".American Public Opinion on the Iraq War.[University of Michigan
Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press). p.
20.[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))[978-0-472-03480-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-03480-2).Walsh,
Kenneth T. (December 9, 2008).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-193)["The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President
George W. Bush's Legacy"](https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-
george-w-bushs-legacy).U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved March 6, 2013.[Atkins, Stephen
E.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_E._Atkins)(2011).. ABC-CLIO. p. 872.The 9/11 Encyclopedia: Second
Edition[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))[978-1-59884-921-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-921-9).
Retrieved October 25, 2015.Wong, Edward (February 15, 2008).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-194)["Overview: The
Iraq War"](https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html).The New York Times. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
Johnson, James Turner (2005).. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 159.The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of
Conflict[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))[978-0-7425-4956-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4956-2).
Retrieved October 25, 2015. Durando, Jessica; Green, Shannon Rae (December 21, 2011).["Timeline: Key moments in the Iraq
War"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200904084312/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-
war-timeline/52147680/1).USA Today. Associated Press. Archived from[the
original](https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1)on September 4,
2020. Retrieved March 7, 2013.Hilsenrath, Jon; Ng, Serena; Paletta, Damian (September 18,
2008).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-195)["Worst Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in
Sight"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947)..[The Wall Street
Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal)[ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier))[1042-9840](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1042-9840).[OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier))[781541372](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/781541372).[Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20141225040616/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947)from
the original on December 25, 2014. Retrieved July 28, 2023.Geiger, Abigail (June 12,
2014).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-196)["Political Polarization in the American
Public"](https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/).Pew Research
Center. Retrieved June 30, 2024.Murray, Mark; Marquez, Alexandra (June 15,
2023).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-197)["Here's what's driving America's increasing political
polarization"](https://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/meetthepressblog/s-s-driving-americas-increasing-political-
polarization-rcna89559).NBC News. Retrieved June 30, 2024.[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-198)[Lührmann,
Anna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_L%C3%BChrmann);[Lindberg, Staffan
I.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffan_I._Lindberg)(2019).["A third wave of autocratization is here: what is new
about it?"](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13510347.2019.1582029).Democratization.26(7):
1097.[doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/13510347.2019.1582029](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13510347.2019.1582029).[S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier))[150992660](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150992660).Now
evidence is mounting that a global reversal is challenging a series of established democracies, including the United
States who were downgraded by both Freedom House and V-Dem in 2018.
Grumbach, Jacob M. (December 1, 2021).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-199)["Laboratories of Democratic
Backsliding"](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055422000934)..[American Political Science
Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Political_Science_Review)117(3). Published by[Cambridge University
Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press)on behalf of the[American Political Science
Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Political_Science_Association):
967–984.[doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/S0003055422000934](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055422000934).[ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier))[0003-0554](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554).Prominent
cross-national measures of democracy from the Varieties of Democracy Project (V-Dem), Bright Line Watch, and Freedom
House, which had once ranked the country as a global leader, show a U.S. democracy slipping toward "mixed regime" or
"illiberal democracy" status.
Kleinfeld, Rachel (September 5, 2023).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-Kleinfeld-2023_200-0)["Polarization,
Democracy, and Political Violence in the United States: What the Research
Says"](https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2023/09/polarization-democracy-and-political-violence-in-the-united-
states-what-the-research-says?lang=en).Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved September 13,
2024.[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-Pape-2022_201-0)[Pape,
Robert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Pape)(January 5, 2022).["American Face of Insurrection: Analysis of
Individuals Charged for Storming the US Capitol on January 6,
2021"](https://cpost.uchicago.edu/publications/american_face_of_insurrection/).cpost.uchicago.edu. University of
Chicago, Chicago Project on Security and Threats. Retrieved September 13, 2024.Rutenberg, Jim; Becker, Jo; Lipton, Eric;
Haberman, Maggie; Martin, Jonathan; Rosenberg, Matthew; Schmidt, Michael S. (January 31,
2021).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-202)["77 Days: Trump's Campaign to Subvert the
Election"](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/31/us/trump-election-lie.html).The New York
Times.[Archived](https://archive.today/20220618170015/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/31/us/trump-election-lie.html)from
the original on June 18, 2022.[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-Multiple_Sources_203-0)- Harvey, Michael (2022).
"Introduction: History's Rhymes". In Harvey, Michael (ed.).
. Routledge.Donald Trump in Historical
Perspective[doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):[10.4324/9781003110361-1](https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003110361-1).[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))[978-1-003-11036-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-11036-1).As
with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case,
Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the
center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already
held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action
is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater
control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results.
(p. 3) - Pion-Berlin, David; Bruneau, Thomas; Goetze, Richard B. Jr. (April 7, 2022).
["The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military
relations"](https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fgov.2022.13).Government and Opposition.58(4):
789–806.[doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/gov.2022.13](https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fgov.2022.13).[S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier))[248033246](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248033246).
- Castañeda, Ernesto; Jenks, Daniel (April 17, 2023). Costa, Bruno Ferreira; Parton, Nigel (eds.).
["January 6th and De-Democratization in the United States"](https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsocsci12040238).Social
Sciences.12(4).[MDPI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDPI):
238.[doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3390/socsci12040238](https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsocsci12040238).[ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier))[2076-0760](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2076-0760).What
the United States went through on January 6th was an attempt at a self-coup, where Trump would use force to stay as head
of state even if abandoning democratic practices in the U.S. Some advised Trump to declare martial law to create a state
of emergency and use that as an excuse to stay in power.
- Eisen, Norman; Ayer, Donald; Perry, Joshua; Bookbinder, Noah; Perry, E. Danya (June 6, 2022).
[Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of
Criminality](https://www.brookings.edu/research/trump-on-trial/)(Report). Brookings Institution. Retrieved December 16,
2023.[Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free
claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to –
in his own words – "overturn" the election outcome. Among the results of this "Big Lie" campaign were the terrible
events of January 6, 2021 – an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup.
Eastman v Thompson, et al.,[8:22-cv-00099-DOC-DFM Document
260](https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840.260.0.pdf), 44 (S.D. Cal.
May 28, 2022) ("Dr. Eastman and President Trump launched a campaign to overturn a democratic election, an action
unprecedented in American history. Their campaign was not confined to the ivory tower – it was a coup in search of a
legal theory. The plan spurred violent attacks on the seat of our nation's government, led to the deaths of several law
enforcement officers, and deepened public distrust in our political process... If Dr. Eastman and President Trump's plan
had worked, it would have permanently ended the peaceful transition of power, undermining American democracy and the
Constitution. If the country does not commit to investigating and pursuing accountability for those responsible, the
Court fears January 6 will repeat itself.").- Graham, David A. (January 6, 2021).
["This Is a Coup"](https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/)..[The
Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic)[Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210106224049/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-
coup/617570/)from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023. - Musgrave, Paul (January 6, 2021).
["This Is a Coup. Why Were Experts So Reluctant to See It Coming?"](https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-
capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/).Foreign
Policy.[Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210106235812/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-
electoral-college-2020-election/)from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023. - Solnit, Rebecca
(January 6, 2021).
["Call it what it was: a coup attempt"](https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-
washington-coup-attempt).The
Guardian.[Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210107000436/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-
mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt)from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023. - Coleman,
Justine (January 6, 2021).
["GOP lawmaker on violence at Capitol: 'This is a coup attempt'"](https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-
lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt)..[The
Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper))[Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210106212600/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-
lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt)from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved December 16,
2023. - Jacobson, Louis (January 6, 2021).
["Is this a coup? Here's some history and context to help you
decide"](https://www.politifact.com/article/2021/jan/06/coup-heres-some-history-and-context-help-you-decid/).. Retrieved
January 7, 2021.[PolitiFact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolitiFact)A good case can be made that the storming of the
Capitol qualifies as a coup. It's especially so because the rioters entered at precisely the moment when the incumbent's
loss was to be formally sealed, and they succeeded in stopping the count.
- Barry, Dan; Frenkel, Sheera (January 7, 2021).
["'Be There. Will Be Wild!': Trump All but Circled the Date"](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-
mob-trump-supporters.html)..[The New York
Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times)[Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-
mob-trump-supporters.html)from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023. - Duignan, Brian (August
4, 2021).
["January 6 U.S. Capitol attack"](https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack)..[Encyclopædia
Britannica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica)[Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230117232629/https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-
Capitol-attack)from the original on January 17, 2023. Retrieved September 22, 2021.Because its object was to prevent a
legitimate president-elect from assuming office, the attack was widely regarded as an insurrection or attempted coup
d'état.
- Harvey, Michael (2022). "Introduction: History's Rhymes". In Harvey, Michael (ed.).
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bin/distance?dlat=36&mlat=15&slat=01&ns=1&dlon=116&mlon=49&slon=33&ew=1&dlat2=36&mlat2=34&slat2=43&sn=1&dlon2=118&mlon2=17&slon2=31&we=1&iselec=1).
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- ^
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to-stop-her.html).. Retrieved August 17, 2022.[El
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September 12, 2017. Archived from the original on September 14, 2017.- ^
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us-12960828).[Sky News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_News). September 14,
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style-classics/).[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN). Retrieved December 4, 2023.Caplin, John (September 1,
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2023.[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes)Spanning just about 20 square blocks between.
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Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Avenue_(Manhattan))(also known as "Fashion Avenue"), the vibrant and
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Inc"](https://www.calvinklein.us/en/about-us.html).calvinklein.us. Retrieved June 8,
2025.[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-624)["About US – Polo Ralph Lauren"](https://corporate.ralphlauren.com/our-
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2023).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-USNYCFashionWeekGlobalIndustryTonesetter_625-0)["The Economic Impact of New
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2023.Bauman, Ali (May 1, 2023).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-MetGalaFashion'sBiggestNight1_626-0)["Met Gala
2023: Fashion's biggest night honors Karl Lagerfeld"](https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/met-gala-2023-red-
carpet/).[CBS News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News). Retrieved April 30,
2024.[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-MetGalaFashion'sBiggestNight2_627-0)["Met Gala 2024: How to Watch Fashion's
Biggest Night"](https://www.glamour.com/story/met-gala-2024-how-to-
watch).[Glamour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)). April 29, 2024. Retrieved April 30,
2024.[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-628). ByAnnual Report of the Controller of the City of Los Angeles,
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February 22, 2014.[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-629). ByReport of the Auditor of the City of Los Angeles
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2014.[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-630)["Nigeria surpasses Hollywood as world's second-largest film
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Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 18.Film
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Big Picture; The Film Industry Started Here and Left. Now It's Back, and the State Says the Sequel Is
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numbers.com/market/).The Numbers. Retrieved July 11, 2024.Amith, Dennis (January 1,
2011).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-635)["Before Hollywood There Was Fort Lee, N.J.: Early Movie Making in New
Jersey (a J!-ENT DVD Review)"](https://j-entonline.com/before-hollywood-there-was-fort-lee-n-j-early-movie-making-in-
new-jersey-a-j-ent-dvd-review/).
J!-ENT.[Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191222043615/http://j-entonline.com/blu-ray-dvd-reviews/dvd-reviews-
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on December 22, 2019. Retrieved January 19, 2023.When Hollywood, California, was mostly orange groves, Fort Lee, New
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Rose, Lisa (April 29, 2012).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-636)["100 years ago, Fort Lee was the first town to
bask in movie
magic"](http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2012/04/100_years_ago_fort_lee_was_the.html).[NJ.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NJ.com).[Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180929115649/https://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2012/04/100_years_ago_fort_lee_was_the.html)from
the original on September 29, 2018. Retrieved January 19, 2023.Back in 1912, when Hollywood had more cattle than
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[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-637)["John Landis Rails Against Studios: 'They're Not in the Movie Business
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Richard W. (2014).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-Kroon2014_639-0). McFarland. p. 338.A/V A to Z: An Encyclopedic
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Terms[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))[978-0-7864-5740-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5740-3).Matthews,
Charles (June 3, 2011).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-640)["Book explores Hollywood 'Golden Age' of the
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the-1960s-70s/2011/02/10/AGh5xJIH_story.html).The Washington Post. Retrieved August 6, 2015.Banner, Lois (August 5,
2012).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-641)["Marilyn Monroe, the eternal shape
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biography-20120805-story.html).Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 6, 2015.Rick, Jewell (August 8,
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James (1998).[^](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-Morrison1998_644-0). SUNY Press. p. 11.Passport to Hollywood:
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1815–1848[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))[978-0-19-507894-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507894-7).
- Johnson, Paul (1997).
. HarperCollins.A History of the American
People[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))[978-0-06-195213-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-195213-5).
- Joseph, Paul (2016).
. Sage Publications.The Sage Encyclopedia of War: Social Science
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- Lauter, Paul, ed. (1994a).
. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Lexington, Massachusetts: D.C. Heath and Company.The Heath Anthology of American
Literature[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))[0-669-32972-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-669-32972-X).
- Lauter, Paul, ed. (1994b).
. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Lexington, Massachusetts: D.C. Heath and Company.The Heath Anthology of American
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- Lockard, Craig (2010).
. Cengage Learning.Societies, Networks, and Transitions, Volume B: From 600 to
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- Onuf, Peter S. (2010).
. University of Pennsylvania Press.The Origins of the Federal Republic: Jurisdictional Controversies in the United
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. Columbia University Press.The Columbia Guide to American Indians of the
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. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 344.The Anti-Slavery Project: From the Slave Trade to Human
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- Remini, Robert V. (2007).
. HarperCollins.The House: The History of the House of
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- Savage, Candace (2011).
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- Schultz, David Andrew (2009).
. Infobase Publishing. p. 904.Encyclopedia of the United States
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[Smithers, Gregory D.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_D._Smithers)(2012). "Rethinking Genocide in North America".
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Dirk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Dirk_Moses)(eds.).The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies.[Oxford University
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. Univ of Wisconsin Press.Studying Native America: Problems and
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[Walker Howe, Daniel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Walker_Howe)(2007)..[What Hath God Wrought: The
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University
Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press).[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))[978-0-19-972657-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972657-8).-
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James M.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_M._McPherson)(1988).. Oxford, England; New York, New York:Battle Cry of
Freedom: The Civil War Era[Oxford University
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article incorporates text from
a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg)[free
content](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_content)work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 ([license
statement/permission](https://commons.wikimedia.org/whttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_Food_and_Agriculture_-
_Statistical_Yearbook_2023.pdf)). Text taken from, FAO, FAO.World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023.
External links.
Government.
[Official U.S. Government web portal](https://www.usa.gov/)– gateway to government sites[House](https://www.house.gov/)–
official website of the United States House of Representatives[Senate](https://www.senate.gov/)– official website of the
United States Senate[White House](https://www.whitehouse.gov/)– official website of the president of the United
States[Supreme Court](https://www.supremecourt.gov/)– official website of the Supreme Court of the United States.
History.
["Historical Documents"](https://nationalcenter.org/historical-documents/)– website from the[National Center for Public
Policy Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Public_Policy_Research)["Historical
Statistics"](https://www.historicalstatistics.org/index2.html)– links to U.S. historical data.
Maps.
["National Atlas of the United States"](https://web.archive.org/web/20091021182322/https://www.nationalatlas.gov/)–
official maps from the[U.S. Department of the
Interior](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior)-
[Wikimedia Atlas of the United States](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_the_United_States) - Geographic data
related to.
[United
States](https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/148838)at[OpenStreetMap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStreetMap)
["Measure of America"](https://www.measureofamerica.org/maps/)– a variety of mapped information relating to health,
education, income, safety and demographics in the United States.
[Categories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category):
[United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:United_States)[Countries in North
America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Countries_in_North_America)[Countries and territories where English is
an official
language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language)[Federal
constitutional republics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Federal_constitutional_republics)[Former British
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Americas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Former_British_colonies_and_protectorates_in_the_Americas)[Former
confederations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Former_confederations)[G20
members](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:G20_members)[Member states of
NATO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_NATO)[Member states of the United
Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_United_Nations)[States and territories established
in 1776](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1776)
Analyse
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